Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública/Pan American Journal of Public Health (RPSP/PAJPH)
Recently Published Articles – November
http://www.paho.org/journal/index.php?option=com_content&view=featured&Itemid=101

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Special report | Published 22 November |
Determinantes sociales de la salud y convergencias en agendas de salud de organismos regionales de América del Sur [Social determinants of health and convergence in health agendas of regional agencies in South America]
Ximena Pamela Díaz-Bermúdez, Flavia Bueno, Luis Francisco Sánchez Otero, y Annela Jean Auer

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Special Report | Published 22 November |
Prioridades da pesquisa clínica com medicamentos no Brasil e as doenças da pobreza [Priorities of clinical drug trials in Brazil and neglected diseases of poverty]
Rafael Santos Santana e Silvana Nair Leite

Science
25 November 2016 Vol 354, Issue 6315
http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl
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Policy Forum
Ten policies for pollinators
By Lynn V. Dicks, Blandina Viana, Riccardo Bommarco, Berry Brosi, María del Coro Arizmendi, Saul A. Cunningham, Leonardo Galetto, Rosemary Hill, Ariadna V. Lopes, Carmen Pires, Hisatomo Taki, Simon G. Potts
Science25 Nov 2016 : 975-976 Restricted Access
What governments can do to safeguard pollination services

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The Sentinel

Human Rights Action :: Humanitarian Response :: Health :: Education :: Heritage Stewardship ::
Sustainable Development
__________________________________________________
Week ending 19 November 2016

This weekly digest is intended to aggregate and distill key content from a broad spectrum of practice domains and organization types including key agencies/IGOs, NGOs, governments, academic and research institutions, consortia and collaborations, foundations, and commercial organizations. We also monitor a spectrum of peer-reviewed journals and general media channels. The Sentinel’s geographic scope is global/regional but selected country-level content is included. We recognize that this spectrum/scope yields an indicative and not an exhaustive product. Comments and suggestions should be directed to:

David R. Curry
Editor &
Founding Managing Director
GE2P2 Global Foundation – Center for Governance, Evidence, Ethics, Policy, Practice
david.r.curry@ge2p2center.net

pdf version: the-sentinel_-week-ending-19-november-2016

Contents
:: Week in Review
:: Key Agency/IGO/Governments Watch – Selected Updates from 30+ entities
:: INGO/Consortia/Joint Initiatives Watch – Media Releases, Major Initiatives, Research
:: Foundation/Major Donor Watch -Selected Updates
:: Journal Watch – Key articles and abstracts from 100+ peer-reviewed journals

The Sentinel

Human Rights Action :: Humanitarian Response :: Health :: Education :: Heritage Stewardship ::
Sustainable Development
__________________________________________________
Week ending 12 November 2016

This weekly digest is intended to aggregate and distill key content from a broad spectrum of practice domains and organization types including key agencies/IGOs, NGOs, governments, academic and research institutions, consortia and collaborations, foundations, and commercial organizations. We also monitor a spectrum of peer-reviewed journals and general media channels. The Sentinel’s geographic scope is global/regional but selected country-level content is included. We recognize that this spectrum/scope yields an indicative and not an exhaustive product. Comments and suggestions should be directed to:

David R. Curry
Editor &
Founding Managing Director
GE2P2 Global Foundation – Center for Governance, Evidence, Ethics, Policy, Practice
david.r.curry@ge2p2center.net

pdf version: the-sentinel_-week-ending-12-november-2016-docx

Contents
:: Week in Review
:: Key Agency/IGO/Governments Watch – Selected Updates from 30+ entities
:: INGO/Consortia/Joint Initiatives Watch – Media Releases, Major Initiatives, Research
:: Foundation/Major Donor Watch -Selected Updates
:: Journal Watch – Key articles and abstracts from 100+ peer-reviewed journals

ODI [to 12 November 2016]
https://www.odi.org/media-hub/press-room
Working and discussion papers
Trade in services and economic transformation
Research reports and studies | November 2016 | Neil Balchin, Bernard Hoekman, Hope Martin, Maximiliano Mendez-Parra, Phyllis Papadavid, David Primack and Dirk Willem te Velde
Current debate on economic transformation mostly focuses on agriculture and manufacturing. This report highlights the contribution services can make to economic development.

10 things to know about climate finance in 2016
Briefing papers | November 2016 | Smita Nakhooda, Charlene Watson and Liane Schalatek
These infographics break down the numbers on climate finance, analysing data from the world’s only comprehensive climate finance commitment tracker, Climate Funds Update.

Climate finance briefing: gender and climate finance
Briefing papers | November 2016 | Liane Schalatek with Smita Nakhooda
This briefing outlines some key principles and actions for making climate-financing instruments more responsive to the needs of women.

Climate finance regional briefing: Middle East and North Africa
Briefing papers | November 2016 | Sejal Patel, Charlene Watson and Liane Schalatek
This briefing explores what climate finance has been made available to countries within the MENA region, and to what extent it will meet countries’ needs.

Climate finance regional briefing: Asia
Briefing papers | November 2016 | Alice Caravani, Charlene Watson and Liane Schalatek
This briefing explores what climate finance has been provided to countries in Asia, and to what extent this meets countries’ needs.

Climate finance regional briefing: sub-Saharan Africa
Briefing papers | November 2016 | Sam Barnard, Charlene Watson and Liane Schalatek
This briefing explores what climate finance has been provided to countries in sub-Saharan Africa, and to what extent this meets countries’ needs.

Climate finance regional briefing: Latin America
Briefing papers | November 2016 | Sam Barnard, Charlene Watson and Liane Schalatek
This briefing examines what climate finance has been made available to Latin American countries, and to what extent this meets countries’ needs.

Climate finance fundamentals 2016
Publication Series | November 2016
This publication series provides an update on global climate change financing for 2016.

Climate finance briefing: Small Island Developing States
Briefing papers | November 2016 | Charlene Watson, Sejal Patel, Alexis Durand and Liane Schalatek
This briefing explores the amount the of climate finance granted to the SIDS, and whether this will meet countries’ needs.

Climate finance briefing: the Green Climate Fund
Briefing papers | November 2016 | Liane Schalatek, Smita Nakhooda and Charlene Watson
This briefing analyses the role of the Green Climate Fund, the newest actor in the multilateral climate finance architecture.

Climate finance thematic briefing: REDD+ finance
Briefing papers | November 2016 | Charlene Watson, Sejal Patel and Liane Schalatek
This briefing analyses the role that REDD+ can play in the global climate finance architecture.

Climate finance thematic briefing: mitigation finance
Briefing papers | November 2016 | Sejal Patel, Charlene Watson and Liane Schalatek
This briefing explores how climate finance can help to mitigate the effects of climate change.

Climate finance thematic briefing: adaptation finance
Briefing papers | November 2016 | Alice Caravani, Charlene Watson and Liane Schalatek
This briefing examines what role climate finance can play in efforts to mitigate climate change and to assist developing countries to adapt to the impacts of climate change.

Climate finance briefing: the global climate finance architecture
Briefing papers | November 2016 | Smita Nakhooda, Charlene Watson and Liane Schalatek
This briefing outlines the global climate finance architecture as it is now, in November 2016.

The principles and criteria of public climate finance: a normative framework
Briefing papers | November 2016 | Liane Schalatek and Neil Bird
This briefing looks at the principles and criteria applicable to climate change funding.

Pathways in the Paris Agreement for ending fossil fuel subsidies
Briefing papers | November 2016 | Maeve McLynn, Laurie van der Burg and Shelagh Whitley
The Paris Agreement sets the framework for preventing climate change. This briefing outlines the pathways that it provides to end government subsidies to fossil fuels.

World Economic Forum [to 12 November 2016]
https://agenda.weforum.org/news/

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News 12 Nov 2016
Forward Thinking: 700 Global Experts Converge on Dubai to Shape a New Global Future
:: World Economic Forum brings together over 700 world-leading experts in Dubai for its first-ever Annual Meeting of the Global Future Councils
:: Purpose of the meeting is to develop ideas and strategies to prepare the world for the Fourth Industrial Revolution; topics include smart cities, robotics and the future of mobility
:: The meeting is co-chaired by Mohammad Al Gergawi, Minister of Cabinet Affairs and the Future of the United Arab Emirates

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News 12 Nov 2016
Artificial Intelligence, Robotics Top List of Technologies in Need of Better Governance
:: While technology holds great promise of improving quality of life and addressing global challenges, action is needed to put in place governance that enables them to achieve their full potential
:: A new survey by the World Economic Forum feeding into its Global Risks research finds artificial intelligence and robotics to be the emerging technology most in need of better governance, followed by biotechnologies and energy capture, storage and transmission.

:: Foundation/Major Donor Watch
We will primarily monitor press/media releases announcing key initiatives and new research from a growing number of global foundations and donors engaged in the human rights, humanitarian response and development spheres of action. This Watch section is not intended to be exhaustive, but indicative.

Kellogg Foundation [to 12 November 2016]
http://www.wkkf.org/news-and-media#pp=10&p=1&f1=news

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Nov. 10, 2016
WKKF, Kresge launch community engagement effort to create vision for early childhood in Detroit
The W.K. Kellogg Foundation (WKKF) and The Kresge Foundation have joined forces to launch Hope Starts Here, a partnership to strengthen and improve access to Detroit’s existing early childhood systems and to elevate the voices of families. The bold community engagement and strategic planning initiative, unveiled Thursday, Nov. 10, at the Michigan Science Center in Detroit, supports ensuring high-quality, accessible and responsive early childhood systems that meet the needs of the more than 80,000 children under age 8 and their families.

Hope Starts Here is co-chaired by WKKF President and CEO La June Montgomery Tabron and The Kresge Foundation President and CEO Rip Rapson.

“Detroit’s residents have told us their hope for this city starts with the success of their children,” said Tabron. “Hope Starts Here will engage the community to build high quality, early childhood experiences for all 80,000 of Detroit’s children. Today, one in three of our children in Detroit lacks access to quality early learning care and only one out of 10 of our third graders are proficient readers. So, the time to act is now.”

“Detroit’s children cannot be left behind as the city rebounds. We’ve seen tremendous public/private partnerships over the last decade to support Detroit’s cultural and social revitalization,” said Rapson. “Without building systems that support and prepare our young citizens, Detroit cannot reap a full return on all that has been invested. The more that we can do, collectively, to prioritize children, the more Detroit will see our various efforts create the kind of hope that lasts for generations.”…

MacArthur Foundation [to 12 November 2016]
http://www.macfound.org/

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Publication
Pathways to Urban Sustainability
Published November 7, 2016
A report by the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine offers a road map and recommendations to help U.S. cities become more sustainable, measurably improving their residents’ economic, social, and environmental well-being. The report recommends that every U.S. city develop a sustainability plan that not only accounts for its own unique characteristics but also adapts strategies that have led to measurable improvements in other cities with similar economic, environmental, and social contexts.

Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation [to 12 November 2016]
https://www.moore.org/news

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November 11, 2016
New global investor collaboration aims to tackle tropical deforestation
Today, Ceres and the PRI announced a new partnership to tackle the widespread issue of deforestation driven by escalating production of beef, soy and timber. The new partnership will initially focus on South America.

Through its Conservation and Financial Markets Initiative, the foundation is working iwth Ceres and other organizations to use the power of mainstream financial markets to help drive the food sector away from production practices that degrade natural ecosystems…

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November 7, 2016
New report on best practices in protected areas management
To help improve the conservation effectiveness of Brazil’s protected areas, the Moore Foundation’s Andes-Amazon Initiative has supported Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPÊ) in their work to consolidate and scale the Brazilian National Program for Biodiversity Monitoring in Protected Areas.

This funding helped IPÊ and ICMBio research best practices in protected areas management and publish a report that offers case examples of solutions that improve outcomes in conservation units. Brazil’s Ministry of the Environment will be sharing this report at the thirteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP 13) in Mexico next month…

David and Lucile Packard Foundation [to 12 November 2016]
http://www.packard.org/news/

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November 8, 2016
Understanding the Role and Value of Foundation Communications
The Packard Foundation’s Communications Director, Felicia Madsen, Reflects on New Grantee Research
Communications can support grantmaking in many different ways, and foundations vary widely in how they use communications to support grantees and advance their work. How loud a voice should foundations have? How should they use it? We wanted to know what our grantees had to say about this, and partnered with the Aspen Institute’s Aspen Planning and Evaluation Program to help answer these questions.

The results of this study, grounded in a survey and interviews with our grantees, indicate the unique role and value of foundation communications—beyond grantmaking or provision of communications technical assistance to grantees. Here, our Communications Director, Felicia Madsen, reflects on what we learned from this research and how these findings are informing the Foundation’s approach to communications…

Wellcome Trust [to 12 November 2016]
http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/News/2016/index.htm

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News
7 November 2016
Syncona to join forces with leading investment trust
A proposal to combine Syncona – an independent subsidiary of Wellcome – with a leading investment company is announced today. If approved, it will create an up to £1bn investment company listed on the London Stock Exchange.

The enlarged entity, which is expected to take the Syncona name, would invest approximately £100m a year in promising early and late-stage healthcare companies with the aim of capturing the full value of UK science.

Wellcome set up Syncona in 2012 with an initial investment of £200m (subsequently increased to £250m) to help address the lack of long-term funding for UK biotech. The aim was to create an expert team to establish and operate healthcare companies built around innovative life science technology.

Syncona operates independently, but like Wellcome it takes a long-term approach to its investments. Syncona currently has investments in seven companies, and in May 2016 achieved its first US product licence – for a novel prostate cancer detection tool.

The proposed transaction would see Syncona combine with BACIT, a listed investment company with approximately £500m of assets. Cancer Research UK will also invest in BACIT and work closely with it in future, bringing access to a range of oncology opportunities…

:: Journal Watch
The Sentinel will track key peer-reviewed journals which address a broad range of interests in human rights, humanitarian response, health and development. It is not intended to be exhaustive. We will add to those monitored below as we encounter relevant content and upon recommendation from readers. We selectively provide full text of abstracts and other content but note that successful access to some of the articles and other content may require subscription or other access arrangement unique to the publisher. Please suggest additional journals you feel warrant coverage.

BMC Health Services Research
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmchealthservres/content
(Accessed 12 November 2016)

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Research article
Evaluating the implementation of a national disclosure policy for large-scale adverse events in an integrated health care system: identification of gaps and successes
Many healthcare organizations have developed disclosure policies for large-scale adverse events, including the Veterans Health Administration (VA). This study evaluated VA’s national large-scale disclosure pol…
Elizabeth M. Maguire, Barbara G. Bokhour, Todd H. Wagner, Steven M. Asch, Allen L. Gifford, Thomas H. Gallagher, Janet M. Durfee, Richard A. Martinello and A. Rani Elwy
BMC Health Services Research 2016 16:648
Published on: 11 November 2016

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Research article
Practical lessons for bringing policy-makers on board in sexual and reproductive health research
The need to translate research into policy, i.e. making research findings a driving force in agenda-setting and policy change, is increasingly acknowledged. However, little is known about translation mechanism...
Aurore Guieu, Wei-Hong Zhang, Yves Lafort, Peter Decat, Sara De Meyer, Shuchen Wang, Birgit Kerstens and Els Duysburgh
BMC Health Services Research 2016 16:649
Published on: 11 November 2016

BMC Infectious Diseases
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcinfectdis/content
(Accessed 12 November 2016)

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Case report
Three cases of Zika virus imported in Italy: need for a clinical awareness and evidence-based knowledge
Since early 2015, a large epidemic of Zika Virus (ZIKV) is spreading across South and Central America. An association between congenital neurological malformations (mainly microcephaly), other neurological man…
Emanuele Nicastri, Raffaella Pisapia, Angela Corpolongo, Francesco Maria Fusco, Stefania Cicalini, Paola Scognamiglio, Concetta Castilletti, Licia Bordi, Antonino Di Caro, Maria Rosaria Capobianchi, Vincenzo Puro and Giuseppe Ippolito
BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:669
Published on: 11 November 2016

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Research article
The burden of chickenpox disease in Sweden
Chickenpox vaccine is not included in the routine childhood vaccination programme in Sweden. The aim of this study was to estimate the baseline of national chickenpox disease burden, as comprehensive studies, …
Katarina Widgren, Johan Giesecke, Lars Lindquist and Anders Tegnell
BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:666
Published on: 10 November 2016

BMC Medical Ethics
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcmedethics/content
(Accessed 12 November 2016)

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Research article
Public responses to the sharing and linkage of health data for research purposes: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies
The past 10 years have witnessed a significant growth in sharing of health data for secondary uses. Alongside this there has been growing interest in the public acceptability of data sharing and data linkage p...
Mhairi Aitken, Jenna de St. Jorre, Claudia Pagliari, Ruth Jepson and Sarah Cunningham-Burley
BMC Medical Ethics 2016 17:73
Published on: 10 November 2016

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Research article
Knowledge, attitude and practice of healthcare ethics among resident doctors and ward nurses from a resource poor setting, Nepal
Healthcare ethics is neglected in clinical practice in LMICs (Low and Middle Income Countries) such as Nepal. The main objective of this study was to assess the current status of knowledge, attitude and practi…
Samaj Adhikari, Kumar Paudel, Arja R. Aro, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Bipin Adhikari and Shiva Raj Mishra
BMC Medical Ethics 2016 17:68
Published on: 8 November 2016

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Research article
The Norwegian national project for ethics support in community health and care services
Internationally, clinical ethics support has yet to be implemented systematically in community health and care services. A large-scale Norwegian project (2007–2015) attempted to increase ethical competence in …
Morten Magelssen, Elisabeth Gjerberg, Reidar Pedersen, Reidun Førde and Lillian Lillemoen
BMC Medical Ethics 2016 17:70
Published on: 8 November 2016

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcpregnancychildbirth/content
(Accessed 12 November 2016)

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Research article
The causes of maternal mortality in adolescents in low and middle income countries: a systematic review of the literature
While the main causes of maternal mortality in low and middle income countries are well understood, less is known about whether patterns for causes of maternal deaths among adolescents are the same as for olde…
Sarah Neal, Shanti Mahendra, Krishna Bose, Alma Virginia Camacho, Matthews Mathai, Andrea Nove, Felipe Santana and Zoë Matthews
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2016 16:352
Published on: 11 November 2016

BMC Public Health
http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles
(Accessed 12 November 2016)

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Research article
Household sanitation facilities and women’s risk of non-partner sexual violence in India
Globally, one in ten individuals practice open defecation. Despite media speculation that it increases women’s risk of sexual violence, little empirical evidence supports the claims. We investigate the relatio…
Apoorva Jadhav, Abigail Weitzman and Emily Smith-Greenaway
BMC Public Health 2016 16:1139
Published on: 8 November 2016
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Research article
Power, fairness and trust: understanding and engaging with vaccine trial participants and communities in the setting up the EBOVAC-Salone vaccine trial in Sierra Leone
Luisa Enria, Shelley Lees, Elizabeth Smout, Thomas Mooney, Angus F. Tengbeh, Bailah Leigh, Brian Greenwood, Deborah Watson-Jones and Heidi Larson
BMC Public Health 2016 16:1140
Published on: 8 November 2016
Abstract
Background
This paper discusses the establishment of a clinical trial of an Ebola vaccine candidate in Kambia District, Northern Sierra Leone during the epidemic, and analyses the role of social science research in ensuring that lessons from the socio-political context, the recent experience of the Ebola outbreak, and learning from previous clinical trials were incorporated in the development of community engagement strategies. The paper aims to provide a case study of an integrated social science and communications system in the start-up phase of the clinical trial.
Methods
The paper is based on qualitative research methods including ethnographic observation, interviews with trial participants and key stakeholder interviews.
Results
Through the case study of EBOVAC Salone, the paper suggests ways in which research can be used to inform communication strategies before and during the setting up of the trial. It explores notions of power, fairness and trust emerging from analysis of the Sierra Leonean context and through ethnographic research, to reflect on three situations in which social scientists and community liaison officers worked together to ensure successful community engagement. Firstly, a section on “power” considers the pitfalls of considering communities as homogeneous and shows the importance of understanding intra-community power dynamics when engaging communities. Secondly, a section on “fairness” shows how local understandings of what is fair can help inform the design of volunteer recruitment strategies. Finally, a section on “trust” highlights how historically rooted rumours can be effectively addressed through active dialogue rather than through an approach focused on correcting misinformation.
Conclusion
The paper firstly emphasises the value of social science in the setting up of clinical trials, in terms of providing an in depth understanding of context and social dynamics. Secondly, the paper suggests the importance of a close collaboration between research and community engagement to effectively confront political and social dynamics, especially in the context of an epidemic.

Developing World Bioethics
December 2016 Volume 16, Issue 3 Pages 121–180
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/dewb.2016.16.issue-2/issuetoc
Special Issue: Ethics of Health Systems Research in Low and Middle Income Countries

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Editorial
Ethical Issues in Health Systems Research in Low and Middle-Income Countries (pages 122–123)
Paul Ndebele and Adnan A. Hyder
Version of Record online: 11 NOV 2016 | DOI: 10.1111/dewb.12126
[No abstract]

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Articles
A Scoping Study on the Ethics of Health Systems Research (pages 124–132)
Abdulgafoor M. Bachani, Abbas Rattani and Adnan A. Hyder
Version of Record online: 1 APR 2016 | DOI: 10.1111/dewb.12117
Abstract
Currently, health systems research (HSR) is reviewed by the same ethical standards as clinical research, which has recently been argued in the literature to be an inappropriate standard of evaluation. The issues unique to HSR warrant a different review by research ethics committees (RECs), as it does not impose the same risks to study participants as other types of clinical or public health research. However, there are limited tools and supporting documents that clarify the ethical considerations. Therefore, there is a need for additional reflection around ethical review of HSR and their consideration by RECs. The purpose of this paper is to review, understand, and synthesize the current state of literature and practice to inform these deliberations and the larger discourse on ethics review guidelines for HSR. This paper presents a review of the literature on ethics of HSR in the biomedical, public health, and implementation research to identify ethical considerations specific to HSR; and to identify examples of commonly available guidance and/or tools for the ethical review of HSR studies. Fifteen articles were identified on HSR ethics issues, and forty-two international academic institutions were contacted (of the responses (n=29), no institution had special ethical guidelines for reviewing HSR) about their HSR ethics review guidelines. There appears to be a clear gap in the current health research ethics discourse around health systems research ethics. This review serves as a first step (to better understand the current status) towards a larger dialogue on the topic.

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Understanding Health Research Ethics in Nepal (pages 140–147)
Jeevan Raj Sharma, Rekha Khatri and Ian Harper
Version of Record online: 3 FEB 2016 | DOI: 10.1111/dewb.12109
Abstract
Unlike other countries in South Asia, in Nepal research in the health sector has a relatively recent history. Most health research activities in the country are sponsored by international collaborative assemblages of aid agencies and universities. Data from Nepal Health Research Council shows that, officially, 1,212 health research activities have been carried out between 1991 and 2014. These range from addressing immediate health problems at the country level through operational research, to evaluations and programmatic interventions that are aimed at generating evidence, to more systematic research activities that inform global scientific and policy debates. Established in 1991, the Ethical Review Board of the Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC) is the central body that has the formal regulating authority of all the health research activities in country, granted through an act of parliament. Based on research conducted between 2010 and 2013, and a workshop on research ethics that the authors conducted in July 2012 in Nepal as a part of the on-going research, this article highlights the emerging regulatory and ethical fields in this low-income country that has witnessed these increased health research activities. Issues arising reflect this particular political economy of research (what constitutes health research, where resources come from, who defines the research agenda, culture of contract research, costs of review, developing Nepal’s research capacity, through to the politics of publication of data/findings) and includes questions to emerging regulatory and ethical frameworks.

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Health Systems Research Consortia and the Promotion of Health Equity in Low and Middle-Income Countries (pages 148–157)
Bridget Pratt, Katharine A. Allen and Adnan A. Hyder
Version of Record online: 16 MAR 2016 | DOI: 10.1111/dewb.12116
Abstract
Health systems research is widely identified as an indispensable means to achieve the goal of health equity between and within countries. Numerous health systems research consortia comprised of institutions from high-income countries and low and middle-income countries (LMICs) are currently undertaking programs of research in LMICs. These partnerships differ from collaborations that carry out single projects in the multiplicity of their goals, scope of their activities, and nature of their management. Recent conceptual work has explored what features might be necessary for health systems research consortia and their research programs to promote health equity. Identified features include selecting research priorities that focus on improving access to high-quality health services and/or financial protection for disadvantaged populations in LMICs and conducting research capacity strengthening that promotes the independent conduct of health systems research in LMICs. Yet, there has been no attempt to investigate whether existing consortia have such characteristics. This paper describes the results of a survey undertaken with health systems research consortia leaders worldwide to assess how consistent current practice is with the proposed ethical guidance. The findings suggest that consortia may be fairly well organised to promote health equity, but have scope for improvement, particularly in terms of achieving inclusive priority-setting.

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Research Involving Health Providers and Managers: Ethical Issues Faced by Researchers Conducting Diverse Health Policy and Systems Research in Kenya (pages 168–177)
Sassy Molyneux, Benjamin Tsofa, Edwine Barasa, Mary Muyoka Nyikuri, Evelyn Wanjiku Waweru, Catherine Goodman and Lucy Gilson
Version of Record online: 4 OCT 2016 | DOI: 10.1111/dewb.12130

Health Affairs
November 2016; Volume 35, Issue 11
http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/current
Issue Focus: Culture Of Health
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Creating Healthier, More Equitable Communities By Improving Governance And Policy
Tamara Dubowitz, Tracy Orleans, Christopher Nelson, Linnea Warren May, Jennifer C. Sloan, and Anita Chandra
Abstract
How can healthier, more equitable communities be created? This is a key question for public health. Even though progress has been made in understanding the impact of social, physical, and policy factors on population health, there is much room for improvement. With this in mind, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation made creating healthier, more equitable communities the third of four Action Areas in its Culture of Health Action Framework. This Action Area focuses on the interplay of three drivers—the physical environment, social and economic conditions, and policy and governance—in influencing health equity. In this article we review some of the policy and governance challenges confronting decisionmakers as they seek to create healthy communities on a broad scale. We use these challenges as a framework for understanding where the most critical gaps still exist, where the links could be exploited more effectively, and where there are opportunities for further research and policy development.
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A Culture Of Health And Human Rights
Wendy K. Mariner1,* and George J. Annas2
Abstract
A culture of health can be seen as a social norm that values health as the nation’s priority or as an appeal to improve the social determinants of health. Better population health will require changing social and economic policies. Effective changes are unlikely unless health advocates can leverage a framework broader than health to mobilize political action in collaboration with non–health sector advocates. We suggest that human rights—the dominant international source of norms for government responsibilities—provides this broader framework. Human rights, as expressed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and enforceable treaties, require governments to assure their populations nondiscriminatory access to food, water, education, work, social security, and a standard of living adequate for health and well-being. The policies needed to realize human rights also improve population health, well-being, and equity. Aspirations for human rights are strong enough to endure beyond inevitable setbacks to specific causes.
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Insights Into Collaborative Networks Of Nonprofit, Private, And Public Organizations That Address Complex Health Issues
Rachel A. Hogg1,* and Danielle Varda2
Abstract
Community networks that include nonprofit, public, and private organizations have formed around many health issues, such as chronic disease management and healthy living and eating. Despite the increases in the numbers of and funding for cross-sector networks, and the growing literature about them, there are limited data and methods that can be used to assess their effectiveness and analyze their designs. We addressed this gap in knowledge by analyzing the characteristics of 260 cross-sector community health networks that collectively consisted of 7,816 organizations during the period 2008–15. We found that nonprofit organizations were more prevalent than private firms or government agencies in these networks. Traditional types of partners in community health networks such as hospitals, community health centers, and public health agencies were the most trusted and valued by other members of their networks. However, nontraditional partners, such as employer or business groups and colleges or universities, reported contributing relatively high numbers of resources to their networks. Further evidence is needed to inform collaborative management processes and policies as a mechanism for building what the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation describes as a culture of health.
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Modeling The Economic Burden Of Adult Vaccine-Preventable Diseases In The United States
Sachiko Ozawa, Allison Portnoy, Hiwote Getaneh, Samantha Clark, Maria Knoll, David Bishai, H. Keri Yang, and Pallavi D. Patwardhan
Health Aff November 2016 35:2124-2132; published ahead of print October 12, 2016, doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0462
Abstract
Vaccines save thousands of lives in the United States every year, but many adults remain unvaccinated. Low rates of vaccine uptake lead to costs to individuals and society in terms of deaths and disabilities, which are avoidable, and they create economic losses from doctor visits, hospitalizations, and lost income. To identify the magnitude of this problem, we calculated the current economic burden that is attributable to vaccine-preventable diseases among US adults. We estimated the total remaining economic burden at approximately $9 billion (plausibility range: $4.7–$15.2 billion) in a single year, 2015, from vaccine-preventable diseases related to ten vaccines recommended for adults ages nineteen and older. Unvaccinated individuals are responsible for almost 80 percent, or $7.1 billion, of the financial burden. These results not only indicate the potential economic benefit of increasing adult immunization uptake but also highlight the value of vaccines. Policies should focus on minimizing the negative externalities or spillover effects from the choice not to be vaccinated, while preserving patient autonomy.