Global Fund [to 23 January 2016]
http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/news/

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22 January 2016
(RED) Marks 10 Years of Contributions to Fight AIDS
DAVOS, Switzerland – The Global Fund congratulates (RED) on 10 years of spectacular private sector engagement in the fight against AIDS, as (RED) celebrates its anniversary today at the World Economic Forum in Davos and announces that it has generated contributions of more than US$350 million

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Deal on Mosquito Nets to Yield $93 million in Savings
18 January 2016
GENEVA – As part of a new framework for procuring health products in the most cost-effective and sustainable way, the Global Fund has reached an agreement to purchase insecticide-treated mosquito nets that prevent malaria with projected savings of US$93 million over two years.

By achieving sharply lower prices for nets – a 38 percent reduction from 2013 – the agreement serves the Global Fund’s goal of accelerating progress against malaria, a preventable disease that most seriously affects young children and pregnant women. Building on the Global Fund’s large-scale purchasing power, the framework improves the supply of an important tool to fight the epidemic.

The Global Fund projects US$350 million in mosquito net purchases over the next two years through its Pooled Procurement Mechanism. A tender process has selected 10 suppliers and includes volume commitments from the Global Fund and performance contracts from the suppliers.

The agreement creates a level of certainty for suppliers, allowing them greater visibility and planning time to manufacture and deliver nets. That facilitates lower prices, and yields significant savings for the Global Fund partnership. The US$93 million in projected savings is equivalent to about 40 million additional nets…

CHS Alliance [to 23 January 2016]
http://chsalliance.org/news-events/news

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22/01/2016
The CHS Alliance welcomes a new chair
The CHS Alliance is pleased to announce the appointment of Robert Tickner as the new chairperson of its board, effective 19 January 2016.

Robert is former Federal Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs in Australia, with a distinguished career at International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, most recently as the Acting Under Secretary General, Partnerships. He was the Chief Executive Officer of Australian Red Cross from 2005 to 2015.

He replaces Robert Glasser, who has stepped down to take up the position of UN Assistant Secretary General and Special Representative of the Secretary General for Disaster Risk Reduction…

Global Humanitarian Assistance (GHA) [to 23 January 2016]
http://www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org/

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Report Synopsis
Nigeria (Lassa fever)
Date: 2016/01/22
On 19 January 2016 we responded to a funding alert in response to the outbreak of Lassa fever in Nigeria.
The Southern and Northern regions in Nigeria have been affected with an outbreak of an endemic acute viral hemorrhagic illness known as Lassa fever for the past three months. Communities and villages where health facilities are poor or not available are at higher risk. Women, especially pregnant women, are most vulnerable to the fever.

According to UN OCHA’s FTS, donors committed/contributed US$155.5 million of humanitarian assistance to Nigeria in 2015. The UN-coordinated 2015 Strategic Response Plan (SRP) for Nigeria requests US$100.3 million from donors to respond to the crisis. The appeal is currently 58% funded at US$57.9 million, and a further US$97.5 million has been contributed or committed outside the appeal.
Read our full analysis of the current funding situation.

Center for Global Development [to 23 January 2016]
http://www.cgdev.org/page/press-center
Selected Press Releases, Blog Posts, Publications

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1/19/16
A US Law or Executive Order to Combat Gender Apartheid at Work in Discriminatory Countries
Charles Kenny
A number of countries worldwide have laws that specifically discriminate against women’s participation in the workforce, including bans on particular occupations, restrictions on opening bank accounts or taking jobs without a male family member’s authority, and restrictions on travel.

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1/19/16
Shine a Light on the Gaps
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and Janeen Madan
If Africa’s smallholder farmers are going to lift themselves out of poverty, they need access to formal financial services instead of the unstable, inflexible, informal arrangements that they currently rely on and that keep them poor. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and Janeen Madan review the ways in which digital technology is changing how financial services are delivered and made affordable. With the right investments and policies, farmers will be able to access credit, savings accounts, insurance, payment platforms, and other financial products that allow them to invest in their livelihoods without being exposed to exploitation or untenable risks.

ODI [to 23 January 2016]
http://www.odi.org/media

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News | 22 January 2016
Opening up China’s economy could offset the global trade slowdown – new ODI paper
A new ODI paper, “China’s Balancing Act: Why the internationalisation of the renminbi matters for the global economy” describes how the effects of increases in trade and investment after full RMB internationalisation could offset the global trade slowdown

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Gender and resilience: from theory to practice
Working and discussion papers | January 2016 | Virginie Le Masson
This BRACED working paper reflects on what progress has been made to link gender equality and resilience in development projects.

Aga Khan Foundation [to 23 January 2016]
http://www.akdn.org/pr.asp

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Press Releases
Aga Khan Foundation Sponsors Sessions on Writing, Reading and Economics at Jaipur Literature Festival
19 January 2016 – As part of its joint commitment to reading, learning and the exchange of ideas, the Aga Khan Foundation supports the ZEE Jaipur Literature Festival, the world’s largest free literature festival.

BMGF – Gates Foundation [to 23 January 2016]
http://www.gatesfoundation.org/Media-Center/Press-Releases

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JANUARY 19, 2016
Nigerian Governors Partner with Dangote Foundation, Gates Foundation, and USAID to Bring Life-saving Vaccines to Children
Four northern Nigerian governors, Alhaji Aliko Dangote, Bill Gates, and U.S. Ambassador James Entwistle agree to Memorandum of Understanding to improve routine immunization and strengthen primary health care.

KADUNA (January 20, 2016) – In a ceremony at the Kaduna State Government House, Alhaji Aliko Dangote, chair of the Dangote Foundation; Bill Gates, co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; and U.S. Ambassador to Nigeria, James Entwistle, joined governors from Kaduna, Sokoto, Yobe, and Borno to launch an ambitious new partnership committing political and financial resources to strengthen and sustain routine immunization programs that will save more lives and keep Nigeria polio-free.

The witnessing of new Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) served as an opportunity to review successes and lessons learned from existing programs in Kano and Bauchi states. To extend these efforts, the executive governor of Kano State signed a fourth-year extension to the state’s existing MOU.

Professor I.F Adewole, Nigeria’s health minister, congratulated the states and partners for making a significant investment in immunization. “These are tough financial times in Nigeria, but the health of children cannot wait. The country has an ambitious plan to introduce new life-saving vaccines over the next several years, and today’s commitments will ensure we can get those vaccines to the children who need them most.”

Through the MOUs, the governors commit to effective governance, leadership, and financial accountability to reduce child illness and death from diseases such as measles, pertussis, and hepatitis through increased routine immunization in their respective states. The other partners will bring the financial and technical support needed to operationalize the program. All signatories pledged to improve routine immunization coverage in northern Nigeria systematically and sustainably, where vaccine coverage rates are low.

“These agreements strengthen our partnerships with Nigerian states working to provide health services to all their citizens,” said Dangote. “Building on their recent success in eliminating polio from the region, Nigerian governors have and will continue to play a vital role in establishing a legacy of sustained commitment to routine immunization.”

The objective of the MOUs is to reach 80 percent of the target population in the signing states with the necessary life-saving vaccines by December 2018 to prevent common childhood diseases and ensure a polio-free environment. To achieve this, key components of the program include the operationalization of the ‘Primary Health Care Under One Roof’ policy that will see a single management body oversee the program. The implementation of regular audits and reports will ensure transparent funding and financial discipline is paramount during implementation. Contributions towards the costs of the program by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Dangote Foundation, and state governments will be staggered across three years: 30 percent in year one, 50 percent in year two, and 70 percent in year three with the states taking progressive responsibility for financing immunization services.

“These commitments will improve immunization coverage and help provide reliable health services in Nigeria. The States will be able to reap the full return on their investment through the number of lives improved and saved, and communities will remain protected from vaccine-preventable diseases for years to come,” said Gates. “Nigeria’s governors have the opportunity to build health systems strong enough to stop future outbreaks.” “These MOUs offer the model platform to capitalize on the prospects of evidence-based approaches. Results will include stronger systems for immunizations, equal access to routine immunization services, and building capacity for Nigerian states to lead in developing solutions for its people,” said Ambassador Entwistle.

IKEA Foundation [to 23 January 2016]
http://www.ikeafoundation.org/news/

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January 18, 2016
…Our Brighter Lives for Refugees campaign is helping the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) bring light and energy to refugee camps in Asia, Africa and the Middle East.

Thanks to the support of IKEA’s co-workers and customers, the campaign has raised a total of €30.8 million to fund renewable energy and education in the camps. This has made them safer, better places for the families who live in them…

When night falls many refugee camps are plunged into darkness, making them dangerous and unsuitable places for families. So far, 284,000 refugees and their neighbours living in nearby communities in Ethiopia and Jordan have received the benefits of solar-powered lanterns and streetlights…

Kellogg Foundation [to 23 January 2016]
http://www.wkkf.org/news-and-media#pp=10&p=1&f1=news

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Jan. 21, 2016
Two new senior leadership positions announced
BATTLE CREEK, Mich. – The W.K. Kellogg Foundation (WKKF) today announced the selection of two key senior leadership executives. Aranthan (AJ) Jones II has been named chief policy and communications officer, effective Feb. 1, 2016. This is a newly created executive position that will set the leadership direction for all of the foundation’s policy, communication and advocacy investments worldwide.

Gail C. Christopher, D.N., currently WKKF’s senior advisor and vice president for policy, will be providing leadership for an unprecedented effort to be announced next week on behalf of the foundation.

Both will report to President and CEO La June Montgomery Tabron, and reflect a change in the leadership structure at WKKF. Jones and Christopher will serve on the foundation’s executive leadership team, which provides overall planning, execution and direction for the foundation.

“These two positions are critical for the foundation as we seek to make paramount advances through our worldwide investments in racial equity, education, health and well-being, economic security, civic engagement, leadership development and public policy,” said Tabron…

MacArthur Foundation [to 23 January 2016]
http://www.macfound.org/

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Press release
January 15, 2016
Nuclear Materials Security Index Warns of Slowing Progress
The Nuclear Threat Initiative’s third public assessment of nuclear materials security conditions around the world finds that progress on reducing the threat of catastrophic nuclear terrorism has slowed and major gaps remain in the global nuclear security system. The MacArthur-supported Nuclear Materials Security Index was created to assess the security of nuclear materials around the world and to engage governments to take actions and provide assurances about the security of the world’s deadliest materials. For the first time, this year’s index also assesses the potential for sabotage of nuclear facilities around the world. The latest edition comes in advance of the fourth Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C., which will gather more than 50 world leaders to discuss the issue.

Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation [to 23 January 2016]
https://www.moore.org/newsroom/press-releases

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Press Releases
New training on working with government officials guides private foundation staff to stay in compliance with the law
January 21, 2016
Today, a free, interactive training tool is available from Learn Foundation Law to help private foundation staff navigate the rules and regulations surrounding interactions with government officials. These regulations include the IRS tax rules and federal, state and local ethics rules that prevent government officials from accepting inappropriate gifts or …

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Press Releases
Monitoring jaguars and other charismatic species in Bolivia’s Alto Madidi
By Rob Wallace Wildlife Conservation Society January 19, 2016
Alto Madidi, on the upper Madidi River where the Andean foothills flatten out onto to the Amazonian floodplain, is a magical place and the sixth site on our two-year altitudinal transect in Madidi National Park.

BMC Health Services Research
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmchealthservres/content
(Accessed 23 January 2016)

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Research article
Using Participatory Learning & Action research to access and engage with ‘hard to reach’ migrants in primary healthcare research
Communication problems occur in general practice consultations when migrants and general practitioners do not share a common language and culture.
Mary O’Reilly-de Brún, Tomas de Brún, Ekaterina Okonkwo, Jean-Samuel Bonsenge-Bokanga, Maria Manuela De Almeida Silva, Florence Ogbebor, Aga Mierzejewska, Lovina Nnadi, Evelyn van Weel-Baumgarten, Chris van Weel, Maria van den Muijsenbergh and Anne MacFarlane
BMC Health Services Research 2016 16:25
Published on: 20 January 2016

BMC Medicine
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcmed/content
(Accessed 23 January 2016)

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Research article
Wasted research when systematic reviews fail to provide a complete and up-to-date evidence synthesis: the example of lung cancer
Perrine Créquit, Ludovic Trinquart, Amélie Yavchitz and Philippe Ravaud
Published on: 20 January 2016

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Debate
The need for pragmatic clinical trials in low and middle income settings – taking essential neonatal interventions delivered as part of inpatient care as an illustrative example
Mike English, Jamlick Karumbi, Michuki Maina, Jalemba Aluvaala, Archna Gupta, Merrick Zwarenstein and Newton Opiyo
Published on: 18 January 2016

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcpregnancychildbirth/content
(Accessed 23 January 2016)

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Research article
‘We are all scared for the baby’: promoting access to dental services for refugee background women during pregnancy
Vulnerable populations such as people with refugee backgrounds are at increased risk of poor oral health. Given that maternal characteristics play a significant role in the development of dental caries in children…
Elisha Riggs, Jane Yelland, Ramini Shankumar and Nicky Kilpatrick
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2016 16:12
Published on: 21 January 2016

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Research article
eRegistries: Electronic registries for maternal and child health
The Global Roadmap for Health Measurement and Accountability sees integrated systems for health information as key to obtaining seamless, sustainable, and secure information exchanges at all levels of health…
J. Frederik Frøen, Sonja L. Myhre, Michael J. Frost, Doris Chou, Garrett Mehl, Lale Say, Socheat Cheng, Ingvild Fjeldheim, Ingrid K. Friberg, Steve French, Jagrati V. Jani, Jane Kaye, John Lewis, Ane Lunde, Kjersti Mørkrid, Victoria Nankabirwa…
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2016 16:11
Published on: 19 January 2016

BMC Public Health
http://bmcpublichealth.biomed

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Research article
Sexual violence and general functioning among formerly abducted girls in Northern Uganda: the mediating roles of stigma and community relations – the WAYS study
Although sexual violence in war is associated with long-term mental health problems, little is known about its association with general functioning and the factors that explain this association.
Kennedy Amone-P’Olak, Tlholego Molemane Lekhutlile, Emilio Ovuga, Rosemary Ann Abbott, Richard Meiser-Stedman, David Gage Stewart and Peter Brian Jones
BMC Public Health 2016 16:64
Published on: 22 January 2016

International Health
Volume 8 Issue 1 January 2016
http://inthealth.oxfordjournals.org/content/current

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EDITORIAL
Violence against children and education
Karen Devries
Int. Health (2016) 8 (1): 1-2 doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihv076
Extract
In most countries around the world, children and adolescents spend more time in school than any other single location besides the family home. Whether or not children and adolescents are able to attend school, whether they are safe in school and whether they leave school with necessary learning and skills, are affected by their experiences of violence—at home, at school and in the community.
Before children get to school, they are often exposed to violence at home. Analysis of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys data from 28 countries shows that 43% of children aged 2–14 years in African countries, and 9% in ‘transitional’ states, have experienced severe physical violence from caregivers.1 There are a host of negative health and social consequences associated with exposure to physical violence in childhood, especially during this early period. These include increased risk of depressive disorders and suicide attempts,2 poor educational attainment3 and increased risk of perpetrating or experiencing intimate partner …

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Innovative financing for late-stage global health research and development: the Global Health Investment Fund
Joseph Robert Fitchetta,*, Julia Fan Lib and Rifat Atuna
Author Affiliations
aHarvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, UK
bSeven Bridges Genomics, London, UK
Abstract
Innovative financing strategies for global health are urgently needed to reinvigorate investment and new tools for impact. Bottleneck areas along the research and development (R&D) pipeline require particular attention, such as the transitions from preclinical discovery to clinical study, and product development to implementation and delivery. Successful organizations mobilizing and disbursing resources through innovating financing mechanisms include UNITAID, the Global Fund, and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. Although precise numbers are poorly documented, estimated investment in low-income settings falls seriously short of local need. This commentary discusses the newly established Global Health Investment Fund as a case study to support late-stage global health R&D.

Journal of International Development
January 2016 Volume 28, Issue 1 Pages 1–158
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.v28.1/issuetoc

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Research Articles
Mobile Phones and Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: From Youth Practice to Public Policy (pages 22–39)
Gina Porter, Kate Hampshire, James Milner, Alister Munthali, Elsbeth Robson, Ariane de Lannoy, Andisiwe Bango, Nwabisa Gunguluza, Mac Mashiri, Augustine Tanle and Albert Abane
Article first published online: 11 JUN 2015 | DOI: 10.1002/jid.3116
Abstract
Young people’s use of mobile phones is expanding exponentially across Africa. Its transformative potential is exciting, but findings presented in this paper indicate how the downside of mobile phone use in African schools is becoming increasingly apparent. Drawing on mixed-methods field research in 24 sites across Ghana, Malawi and South Africa and associated discussions with educational institutions, public policy makers and network providers, we examine the current state of play and offer suggestions towards a more satisfactory alignment of practice and policy which promotes the more positive aspects of phone use in educational contexts and militates against more damaging ones.

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Reversing the Telescope: Evaluating NGO Peer Regulation Initiatives (pages 40–56)
Angela M. Crack
Article first published online: 1 JUN 2014 | DOI: 10.1002/jid.3010
Abstract
This article investigates perceptions of the extent to which non-governmental organization (NGO) peer regulation initiatives have been effective in enhancing accountability in the humanitarian sector. It is based upon semi-structured interviews with individuals with responsibility for accountability policy from leading NGOs and focuses on two of the best-known initiatives: Humanitarian Accountability Partnership and Sphere. It finds that the initiatives have prompted positive changes in practice, but there are significant concerns about their deleterious impacts. Participants describe a host of challenges, including the tendency of peer regulation to become excessively bureaucratic and labour intensive. They cast some doubt on the potential of the initiatives to assist NGOs to be more accountable to affected communities.

Journal of Public Health Policy
Volume 37, Issue 1 (February 2016)
http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jphp/journal/v37/n1/index.html

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Original Article
Mass immunization with inactivated polio vaccine in conflict zones – Experience from Borno and Yobe States, North-Eastern Nigeria
A polio eradication team explains how they planned and accomplished success with a mass immunization campaign despite warlike conditions in the two Nigerian states. This example offers important lessons
Faisal M Shuaibu, Gerida Birukila, Samuel Usman, Ado Mohammed, Michael Galway, Melissa Corkum, Eunice Damisa, Pascal Mkanda, Frank Mahoney, Gatei Wa Nganda, John Vertefeuille, Anna Chavez, Sule Meleh, Richard Banda, Almai Some, Hyelni Mshelia, Al-Umra Umar, Ogu Enemaku, and Andrew Etsano
J Public Health Pol 37: 36-50; advance online publication, November 5, 2015; doi:10.1057/jphp.2015.34
Abstract
The use of Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) in routine immunization to replace Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) is crucial in eradicating polio. In June 2014, Nigeria launched an IPV campaign in the conflict-affected states of Borno and Yobe, the largest ever implemented in Africa. We present the initiatives and lessons learned. The 8-day event involved two parallel campaigns. OPV target age was 0–59 months, while IPV targeted all children aged 14 weeks to 59 months. The Borno state primary health care agency set up temporary health camps for the exercise and treated minor ailments for all. The target population for the OPV campaign was 685 674 children in Borno and 113 774 in Yobe. The IPV target population for Borno was 608 964 and for Yobe 111 570. OPV coverage was 105.1 per cent for Borno and 103.3 per cent for Yobe. IPV coverage was 102.9 per cent for Borno and 99.1 per cent for Yobe. (Where we describe coverage as greater than 100 per cent, this reflects original underestimates of the target populations.) A successful campaign and IPV immunization is viable in conflict areas.

The Lancet
Jan 23, 2016 Volume 387 Number 10016 p311-402 e9-e12
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/issue/current
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Editorial
Healthy migration needs a long-term plan
The Lancet
Summary
“It occurred to me that no matter where I lived, geography could not save me”, wrote Isabel Wilkerson in The Warmth of Other Suns, recounting stories of black Americans migrating north in the twentieth century. Today, these same words could be used by international migrants who have relocated either by choice or as refugees, many of whom have inadequate access to health care.

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Comment
The future leadership of WHO
Sally C Davies, Somsak Akksilp, Keizo Takemi, Precious Matsoso, Jarbas Barbosa Da Silva Junior
Summary
In about 3 month’s time, the Director-General of WHO will call for nominations from the Executive Board and Member States for her successor. The selection process will then be launched and a new Director-General elected in 2017.

The Lancet
Jan 23, 2016 Volume 387 Number 10016 p311-402 e9-e12
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/issue/current
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Comment
Implementation of the malaria candidate vaccine RTS,S/AS01
Brian Greenwood, Ogobara K Doumbo
Published Online: 05 November 2015
Summary
As vaccine manufacturers tackle increasingly intractable pathogens, vaccines will be developed that show efficacy, but that are less efficacious than established vaccines. Consequently, regulatory and public health authorities will be faced with difficult decisions about whether such vaccines should be recommended for implementation and, if so, under what circumstances. The RTS,S/AS01 malaria candidate vaccine provides an important example of such a challenge.

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Public health impact and cost-effectiveness of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine: a systematic comparison of predictions from four mathematical models
Melissa A Penny, Robert Verity, Caitlin A Bever, Christophe Sauboin, Katya Galactionova, Stefan Flasche, Michael T White, Edward A Wenger, Nicolas Van de Velde, Peter Pemberton-Ross, Jamie T Griffin, Thomas A Smith, Philip A Eckhoff, Farzana Muhib, Mark Jit, Azra C Ghani
367
Open Access
Summary
Background
The phase 3 trial of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine candidate showed modest efficacy of the vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria, but was not powered to assess mortality endpoints. Impact projections and cost-effectiveness estimates for longer timeframes than the trial follow-up and across a range of settings are needed to inform policy recommendations. We aimed to assess the public health impact and cost-effectiveness of routine use of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine in African settings.
Methods
We compared four malaria transmission models and their predictions to assess vaccine cost-effectiveness and impact. We used trial data for follow-up of 32 months or longer to parameterise vaccine protection in the group aged 5–17 months. Estimates of cases, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted were calculated over a 15 year time horizon for a range of levels of Plasmodium falciparum parasite prevalence in 2–10 year olds (PfPR2–10; range 3–65%). We considered two vaccine schedules: three doses at ages 6, 7·5, and 9 months (three-dose schedule, 90% coverage) and including a fourth dose at age 27 months (four-dose schedule, 72% coverage). We estimated cost-effectiveness in the presence of existing malaria interventions for vaccine prices of US$2–10 per dose.
Findings
In regions with a PfPR2–10 of 10–65%, RTS,S/AS01 is predicted to avert a median of 93 940 (range 20 490–126 540) clinical cases and 394 (127–708) deaths for the three-dose schedule, or 116 480 (31 450–160 410) clinical cases and 484 (189–859) deaths for the four-dose schedule, per 100 000 fully vaccinated children. A positive impact is also predicted at a PfPR2–10 of 5–10%, but there is little impact at a prevalence of lower than 3%. At $5 per dose and a PfPR2–10 of 10–65%, we estimated a median incremental cost-effectiveness ratio compared with current interventions of $30 (range 18–211) per clinical case averted and $80 (44–279) per DALY averted for the three-dose schedule, and of $25 (16–222) and $87 (48–244), respectively, for the four-dose schedule. Higher ICERs were estimated at low PfPR2–10 levels.
Interpretation
We predict a significant public health impact and high cost-effectiveness of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine across a wide range of settings. Decisions about implementation will need to consider levels of malaria burden, the cost-effectiveness and coverage of other malaria interventions, health priorities, financing, and the capacity of the health system to deliver the vaccine.
Funding
PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Global Good Fund; Medical Research Council; UK Department for International Development; GAVI, the Vaccine Alliance; WHO.