Science
06 May 2016 Vol 352, Issue 6286
http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl

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In Depth – Global Change
Amazon rainforest to get a growth check
Daniel Grossman
Science 06 May 2016:
Vol. 352, Issue 6286, pp. 635-636
DOI: 10.1126/science.352.6286.635
Summary
An international team of researchers is about to launch a project that could help answer whether the mighty photosynthetic engine of the Amazon rainforest will consume enough atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) to slow global warming. Called AmazonFACE (Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment), it’s based on a simple idea: For 12 years, researchers will spray pure CO2 into instrumented plots in the rainforest northwest of Manaus, Brazil, raising ambient concentrations to 600 parts per million—a level the world could reach as early as 2050—all the while taking meticulous measurements to determine how the gas affects the growth of plants. That’s a key question because through photosynthesis, land plants currently take up about a quarter of the CO2 humans add to the atmosphere each year, sequestering it as wood and as soil carbon. This natural uptake slows the buildup of CO2 in the air, moderating global warming. FACE experiments have been conducted at dozens of sites in more than a dozen countries, but never before in the Amazon. Researchers must surmount a host of logistical challenges both before and after construction starts next year.

Wellcome Trust [to 30 April 2016]
http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/News/2016/index.htm
28 April 2016
Top Wellcome researchers awarded Academy Fellowships
Eighteen researchers we’re supporting, and a number in the wider Wellcome community, have today been elected to the prestigious Fellowship of the Academy of Medical Sciences.

Mike Turner appointed Acting Director of Science
Mike Turner, currently Head of Infection and Immunobiology at the Wellcome Trust, has been appointed Acting Director of Science until a permanent appointment is made. 26 April 2016

Wellcome appoints new Head of Public Engagement
Imran Khan has been appointed Head of Public Engagement at the Wellcome Trust, where he will play a key role in shaping and growing public engagement with science in the UK and globally.
25 April 2016

:: Journal Watch
The Sentinel will track key peer-reviewed journals which address a broad range of interests in human rights, humanitarian response, health and development. It is not intended to be exhaustive. We will add to those monitored below as we encounter relevant content and upon recommendation from readers. We selectively provide full text of abstracts and other content but note that successful access to some of the articles and other content may require subscription or other access arrangement unique to the publisher. Please suggest additional journals you feel warrant coverage.

American Journal of Preventive Medicine
May 2016 Volume 50, Issue 5, p553-676, e123-e162
http://www.ajpmonline.org/current

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Research Articles
Childhood Adversity and Adult Reports of Food Insecurity Among Households With Children
Jing Sun, Molly Knowles, Falguni Patel, Deborah A. Frank, Timothy C. Heeren, Mariana Chilton
p561–572
Published online: November 16 2015
Open Access
Preview
Exposure to childhood adversity, including abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, is associated with negative long-term health and economic outcomes. Little is known about how adversity exposure in parents’ early lives may be related to later food insecurity for parents and their children. This study investigated the association between female caregivers’ adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and household and child food insecurity, taking into account depressive symptoms.
Abstract
Introduction
Exposure to childhood adversity, including abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, is associated with negative long-term health and economic outcomes. Little is known about how adversity exposure in parents’ early lives may be related to later food insecurity for parents and their children. This study investigated the association between female caregivers’ adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and household and child food insecurity, taking into account depressive symptoms.
Methods
This study used cross-sectional data from 1,255 female caregivers of children aged 7.1% higher than IIV, but never cost saving when absolute LAIV effectiveness was <3.5% higher than IIV.
Conclusions
Results support CDC’s decision to no longer prefer LAIV use and provide guidance on effectiveness differences between influenza vaccines that might lead to preferential LAIV recommendation for children aged 2–8 years.

American Journal of Public Health
Volume 106, Issue 5 (May 2016)
http://ajph.aphapublications.org/toc/ajph/current

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AJPH EDITORIALS
SOCIAL ISOLATION
Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Living Alone: Identifying the Risks for Public Health
Eric Klinenberg
American Journal of Public Health: May 2016, Vol. 106, No. 5: 786–787.

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AJPH PERSPECTIVES
CORRECTIONAL HEALTH
Mainstream Health Care in Taiwan’s Prisons: A Model for Expanding Medicaid Coverage to Incarcerated Americans
Michael S. Chen, San-Kuei Huang
American Journal of Public Health: May 2016, Vol. 106, No. 5: 794–795

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AJPH GLOBAL HEALTH FORUM
UNIVERSAL COVERAGE
Being Fair in Universal Health Coverage: Prioritize Public Health Services for Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Mathew George
American Journal of Public Health: May 2016, Vol. 106, No. 5: 830–831

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AJPH LETTERS AND RESPONSES
REFUGEE HEALTH
Syrian Refugees Constitute 20% of Jordan’s Population
Mujalli M. Murshidi
American Journal of Public Health: May 2016, Vol. 106, No. 5: e18–e18.

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Supporting Syrian Refugees: The Need for a Multidisciplinary Action Plan
Samy A. Azer
American Journal of Public Health: May 2016, Vol. 106, No. 5: e18–e19.

BMC Health Services Research
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmchealthservres/content
(Accessed 30 April 2016)

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Research article
Stigma, explanatory models and unmet needs of caregivers of children with developmental disorders in a low-income African country: a cross-sectional facility-based survey
Understanding the perspectives of caregivers of children with developmental disorders living in low-income countries is important to inform intervention programmes.
Dejene Tilahun, Charlotte Hanlon, Abebaw Fekadu, Bethlehem Tekola, Yonas Baheretibeb and Rosa A. Hoekstra
BMC Health Services Research 2016 16:152
Published on: 27 April 2016

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Research article
Assessment of medicines use pattern using World Health Organization’s Prescribing, Patient Care and Health facility indicators in selected health facilities in eastern Ethiopia
About one-third of the world’s population lack access to essential medicines and this is further compounded by inappropriate prescription, dispensing, sale and use of the available medicines.
Arebu I. Bilal, Ebrahim D. Osman and Anwar Mulugeta
BMC Health Services Research 2016 16:144
Published on: 23 April 2016

BMC Medical Ethics
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcmedethics/content
(Accessed 30 April 2016)

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Research article
The ethics of community-based research with people who use drugs: results of a scoping review
Rusty Souleymanov, Dario Kuzmanović, Zack Marshall, Ayden I. Scheim, Mikiki Mikiki, Catherine Worthington and Margaret (Peggy) Millson
Published on: 29 April 2016
Abstract
Background
Drug user networks and community-based organizations advocate for greater, meaningful involvement of people with lived experience of drug use in research, programs and services, and policy initiatives. Community-based approaches to research provide an opportunity to engage people who use drugs in all stages of the research process. Conducting community-based participatory research (CBPR) with people who use drugs has its own ethical challenges that are not necessarily acknowledged or supported by institutional ethics review boards. We conducted a scoping review to identify ethical issues in CBPR with people who use drugs that were documented in peer-reviewed and grey literature.
Methods
The search strategy focused on three areas; community-based research, ethical issues, and drug use. Searches of five academic databases were conducted in addition to a grey literature search, hand-searching, and consultation with organizational partners and key stakeholders. Peer reviewed literature and community reports published in English between 1985 and 2013 were included, with initial screening conducted by two reviewers.
Results
The search strategy produced a total of 874 references. Twenty-five references met the inclusion criteria and were included in our thematic analysis. Five areas were identified as important to the ethics of CBPR with people who use drugs: 1) participant compensation, 2) drug user perspectives on CBPR, 3) peer recruitment and representation in CBPR, 4) capacity building, and 5) participation and inclusion in CBPR.
Conclusions
We critically discuss implications of the emerging research in this field and provide suggestions for future research and practice.

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcpregnancychildbirth/content
(Accessed 30 April 2016)

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Research article
The influence of grandmothers on breastfeeding rates: a systematic review
Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of an infant’s life has enormous potential to reduce mortality and morbidity. The older generation, particularly the infant’s grandmothers, play a central role …
Joel Negin, Jenna Coffman, Pavle Vizintin and Camille Raynes-Greenow
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2016 16:91
Published on: 27 April 2016

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Research article
Stressful events, social health issues and psychological distress in Aboriginal women having a baby in South Australia: implications for antenatal care
Around 6 % of births in Australia are to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander families. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women are 2–3 times more likely to experience adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes…
Donna Weetra, Karen Glover, Mary Buckskin, Jackie Ah Kit, Cathy Leane, Amanda Mitchell, Deanna Stuart-Butler, May Turner, Jane Yelland, Deirdre Gartland and Stephanie J Brown
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2016 16:88
Published on: 26 April 2016

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Research article
Perinatal health outcomes of East African immigrant populations in Victoria, Australia: a population based study
Sub-Saharan African women are often treated as a single group in epidemiological studies of immigrant birth outcomes, potentially masking variations across countries.
Fetene B. Belihu, Mary-Ann Davey and Rhonda Small
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2016 16:86
Published on: 26 April 2016

Child Care, Health and Development
May 2016 Volume 42, Issue 3 Pages 297–454
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cch.v42.3/issuetoc

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Reviews
Long-term cognitive and school outcomes of late-preterm and early-term births: a systematic review (pages 297–312)
E. Chan, P. Leong, R. Malouf and M. A. Quigley
Article first published online: 10 FEB 2016 | DOI: 10.1111/cch.12320

Reviews
The role of collaboration in the cognitive development of young children: a systematic review (pages 313–324)
J. Sills, G. Rowse and L.-M. Emerson
Article first published online: 16 MAR 2016 | DOI: 10.1111/cch.12330

Reviews
Interagency collaboration in children and young people’s mental health: a systematic review of outcomes, facilitating factors and inhibiting factors (pages 325–342)
M. Cooper, Y. Evans and J. Pybis
Article first published online: 10 FEB 2016 | DOI: 10.1111/cch.12322

Eurosurveillance
Volume 21, Issue 17, 28 April 2016
http://www.eurosurveillance.org/Public/Articles/Archives.aspx?PublicationId=11678

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Review articles
Best practices in ranking communicable disease threats: a literature review, 2015
by EC O’Brien, R Taft, K Geary, M Ciotti, JE Suk
The threat of serious, cross-border communicable disease outbreaks in Europe poses a significant challenge to public health and emergency preparedness because the relative likelihood of these threats and the pathogens involved are constantly shifting in response to a range of changing disease drivers. To inform strategic planning by enabling effective resource allocation to manage the consequences of communicable disease outbreaks, it is useful to be able to rank and prioritise pathogens. This paper reports on a literature review which identifies and evaluates the range of methods used for risk ranking. Searches were performed across biomedical and grey literature databases, supplemented by reference harvesting and citation tracking. Studies were selected using transparent inclusion criteria and underwent quality appraisal using a bespoke checklist based on the AGREE II criteria. Seventeen studies were included in the review, covering five methodologies. A narrative analysis of the selected studies suggests that no single methodology was superior. However, many of the methods shared common components, around which a ‘best-practice’ framework was formulated. This approach is intended to help inform decision makers’ choice of an appropriate risk-ranking study design.

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News
World Health Organization announces European Region malaria free
On 20 April 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the WHO European Region, which comprises 53 countries, is the first of the WHO regions to have interrupted the indigenous transmission of malaria [1].

In 2005, the WHO European Regional Office for Europe adopted the Tashkent Declaration, ‘The Move from Malaria Control to Elimination’ [2] which paved the way for a new malaria elimination strategy, the ‘Regional Strategy: From Malaria Control to Elimination in the WHO European Region 2006-2015’ [3]. The Regional Strategy set out milestones for the countries of the WHO European Region to eliminate malaria. Between 1995 and 2015, the number of indigenous malaria cases went from around 90,000 to zero in the European Region.

In July 2016, the WHO will hold its first meeting on the prevention of the re-introduction of malaria into the WHO European Region. According to the WHO, the meeting will focus on prevention through (i) sustained political commitment, (ii) strong vigilance to test and treat all malaria cases promptly, (iii) understanding how malaria transmission could be reintroduced and the risk it poses; and (iv) immediate action if local malaria transmission resumes.

Globalization and Health
http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/
[Accessed 30 April 2016]

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Research
Partnerships in global health and collaborative governance: lessons learnt from the Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine at the Geneva University Hospitals
David Beran, Sigiriya Aebischer Perone, Gabriel Alcoba, Alexandre Bischoff, Claire-Lise Bussien, Gilles Eperon, Olivier Hagon, Olivia Heller, Frédérique Jacquerioz Bausch, Nicolas Perone, Thomas Vogel and François Chappuis
Published on: 29 April 2016
Abstract
Background
In 2007 the “Crisp Report” on international partnerships increased interest in Northern countries on the way their links with Southern partners operated. Since its establishment in 2007 the Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine at the Geneva University Hospitals has developed a variety of partnerships. Frameworks to assess these partnerships are needed and recent attention in the field of public management on collaborative governance may provide a useful approach for analyzing international collaborations.
Methods
Projects of the Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine were analyzed by collaborators within the Division using the model proposed by Emerson and colleagues for collaborative governance, which comprises different components that assess the collaborative process.
Results
International projects within the Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine can be divided into four categories: Human resource development; Humanitarian response; Neglected Tropical Diseases and Noncommunicable diseases. For each of these projects there was a clear leader from the Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine as well as a local counterpart. These individuals were seen as leaders both due to their role in establishing the collaboration as well as their technical expertise. Across these projects the actual partners vary greatly. This diversity means a wide range of contributions to the collaboration, but also complexity in managing different interests. A common definition of the collaborative aims in each of the projects is both a formal and informal process. Legal, financial and administrative aspects of the collaboration are the formal elements. These can be a challenge based on different administrative requirements. Friendship is part of the informal aspects and helps contribute to a relationship that is not exclusively professional.
Conclusion
Using collaborative governance allows the complexity of managing partnerships to be presented. The framework used highlights the process of establishing collaborations, which is an element often negated by other more traditional models used in international partnerships. Applying the framework to the projects of the Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine highlights the importance of shared values and interests, credibility of partners, formal and informal methods of management as well as friendship.

Health Research Policy and Systems
http://www.health-policy-systems.com/content
[Accessed 30 April 2016]

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Commentary
The Life Science Exchange: a case study of a sectoral and sub-sectoral knowledge exchange programme
Brian Lee Perkins, Rob Garlick, Jodie Wren, Jon Smart, Julie Kennedy, Phil Stephens, Gwyn Tudor, Jonathan Bisson and David V. Ford
Published on: 27 April 2016
Abstract
Background
Local and national governments have implemented sector-specific policies to support economic development through innovation, entrepreneurship and knowledge exchange. Supported by the Welsh Government through the European Regional Development Fund, The Life Science Exchange® project was created with the aim to increase interaction between stakeholders, to develop more effective knowledge exchange mechanisms, and to stimulate the formation and maintenance of long-term collaborative relationships within the Welsh life sciences ecosystem. The Life Science Exchange allowed participants to interact with other stakeholder communities (clinical, academic, business, governmental), exchange perspectives and discover new opportunities.
Methods
Six sub-sector focus groups comprising over 200 senior stakeholders from academia, industry, the Welsh Government and National Health Service were established. Over 18 months, each focus group provided input to inform healthcare innovation policy and knowledge mapping exercises of their respective sub-sectors. Collaborative projects identified during the focus groups and stakeholder engagement were further developed through sandpit events and bespoke support.
Results
Each sub-sector focus group produced a report outlining the significant strengths and opportunities in their respective areas of focus, made recommendations to overcome any ‘system failures’, and identified the stakeholder groups which needed to take action. A second outcome was a stakeholder-driven knowledge mapping exercise for each area of focus. Finally, the sandpit events and bespoke support resulted in participants generating more than £1.66 million in grant funding and inward investment. This article outlines four separate outcomes from the Life Science Exchange programme.
Conclusions
The Life Science Exchange process has resulted in a multitude of collaborations, projects, inward investment opportunities and special interest group formations, in addition to securing over ten times its own costs in funding for Wales. The Life Science Exchange model is a simple and straightforward mechanism for a regional or national government to adapt and implement in order to improve innovation, skills, networks and knowledge exchange.

JAMA
April 26, 2016, Vol 315, No. 16
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/issue.aspx

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Special Communication | April 26, 2016
The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014
Raj Chetty, PhD1; Michael Stepner, BA2; Sarah Abraham, BA2; Shelby Lin, MPhil3; Benjamin Scuderi, BA4; Nicholas Turner, PhD5; Augustin Bergeron, MA4; David Cutler, PhD4
Author Affiliations
JAMA. 2016;315(16):1750-1766. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.4226.
Abstract
Importance
The relationship between income and life expectancy is well established but remains poorly understood.
Objectives
To measure the level, time trend, and geographic variability in the association between income and life expectancy and to identify factors related to small area variation.
Design and Setting
Income data for the US population were obtained from 1.4 billion deidentified tax records between 1999 and 2014. Mortality data were obtained from Social Security Administration death records. These data were used to estimate race- and ethnicity-adjusted life expectancy at 40 years of age by household income percentile, sex, and geographic area, and to evaluate factors associated with differences in life expectancy.
Exposure
Pretax household earnings as a measure of income.
Main Outcomes and Measures
Relationship between income and life expectancy; trends in life expectancy by income group; geographic variation in life expectancy levels and trends by income group; and factors associated with differences in life expectancy across areas.
Results
The sample consisted of 1,408,287,218 person-year observations for individuals aged 40 to 76 years (mean age, 53.0 years; median household earnings among working individuals, $61 175 per year). There were 4 114 380 deaths among men (mortality rate, 596.3 per 100,000) and 2,694,808 deaths among women (mortality rate, 375.1 per 100,000). The analysis yielded 4 results. First, higher income was associated with greater longevity throughout the income distribution. The gap in life expectancy between the richest 1% and poorest 1% of individuals was 14.6 years (95% CI, 14.4 to 14.8 years) for men and 10.1 years (95% CI, 9.9 to 10.3 years) for women. Second, inequality in life expectancy increased over time. Between 2001 and 2014, life expectancy increased by 2.34 years for men and 2.91 years for women in the top 5% of the income distribution, but by only 0.32 years for men and 0.04 years for women in the bottom 5% (P < .001 for the differences for both sexes). Third, life expectancy for low-income individuals varied substantially across local areas. In the bottom income quartile, life expectancy differed by approximately 4.5 years between areas with the highest and lowest longevity. Changes in life expectancy between 2001 and 2014 ranged from gains of more than 4 years to losses of more than 2 years across areas. Fourth, geographic differences in life expectancy for individuals in the lowest income quartile were significantly correlated with health behaviors such as smoking (r=-0.69, P  < .001), but were not significantly correlated with access to medical care, physical environmental factors, income inequality, or labor market conditions. Life expectancy for low-income individuals was positively correlated with the local area fraction of immigrants (r = 0.72, P < .001), fraction of college graduates (r= 0.42, P < .001), and government expenditures (r=0.57, P < .001).
Conclusions and Relevance
In the United States between 2001 and 2014, higher income was associated with greater longevity, and differences in life expectancy across income groups increased over time. However, the association between life expectancy and income varied substantially across areas; differences in longevity across income groups decreased in some areas and increased in others. The differences in life expectancy were correlated with health behaviors and local area characteristics

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Editorials:
Associations Between Money and Death; Angus Deaton, PhD
Improving Opportunity, Population Health, and Well-being Collectively; Steven H. Woolf, MD, MPH; Jason Q. Purnell, PhD, MPH
Income, Longevity, and Community Health; J. Michael McGinnis, MD, MPP

Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved (JHCPU)
Volume 27, Number 2, May 2016 Supplement
https://muse.jhu.edu/issue/33442

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Introduction to Public Health and Incarceration: Social Justice Matters
Overview Providing health care in jails, prisons, half-way houses, and community-supervised correctional programs, correctional facilities, and community systems has a direct effect on health outcomes of incarcerated populations. Moreover, effective linkages to a myriad of services upon release and assistance with community reintegration are key components for reducing recidivism. In an effort to highlight some of the disparity issues and challenges in corrections, we offer this issue, titled, Public Health and Incarceration: Social Justice Matters. In 2012, U.S. state prison systems, comprising 50 independent entities, incarcerated over 1.3 million people, of whom a disproportionate share were minorities, primarily African Americans and Hispanics. Despite recent reports that 2012 marked a decrease in the number of imprisonments of males and females, the U.S. continues to lead the world in incarceration of its residents. The reported decrease in incarceration may be attributed to alternative sentences, such as probation, which maintains individuals under correctional supervision.

Mass incarceration disrupts families and affects health status and the quality of life within families. Prisoners are more likely than the general population to have chronic health conditions and infectious diseases. In 2012, 43.9% of offenders reported a chronic condition, relative to 31.0% of the general population; 21.0% of offenders had had an infectious disease, relative to 4.8% of the general population. The disparities in mental health and substance abuse are equally troubling. These health risks are not proportionately distributed across populations. African American males have an imprisonment rate of 2,841 per 100,000; Hispanic males have a rate of 1,158 per 100,000; and White males have a rate of 463 per 100,000. There are similar disparities for African American and Hispanic females relative to Whites.

Although some of the health problems experienced by offenders are addressed during their incarceration, many are not addressed upon their release, which poses serious health risks for the former offenders and for the local communities to which they return. Health problems of former offenders become those of the local community, where there may be little knowledge and discussion related to the intersections of corrections, public health, and reentry for this subset of a vulnerable population.

This special issue of the JHCPU-with a focus on disparities related to racial and ethnic minorities, reentry, and public health-explores innovative research, services, and programs that deal with the health of the offender population. The social justice system is burdened with imperfections deleterious to health equity. The system disproportionately lessens the life opportunities of African Americans, Latinos, and other disadvantaged ethnic minority groups. Eliminating such imperfections is a formidable task, but nevertheless one that must be accomplished if the nation is to achieve true health equity.

The articles in this issue of the JHCPU report on strategies for change. In the commentary by Ferguson, et al., a strong case is made that systems change is the “order of the day”; this case is eloquently presented as a “Call for Action.” While there have been many other such appeals, this call offers recommendations for clinical practice, criminal justice studies, health science institutions, and communities. Much like the compelling call for action in Michelle Alexander’s book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, a stage is set for sector stakeholders to move in a new direction, one involving sector accountability without compromise. We must change the mass incarceration practices and eliminate their catastrophic effects on racial and ethnic minorities, in the U.S. In the manuscript by Coughlin, Lewis, and Smith, developments in ethics in the context of the racial/ethnic disparities that exist in corrections, are discussed. Ethical considerations in clinical and public health research on HIV in prison and jail settings are considered. Factors in mental health research are summarized, along with issues pertaining to research involving female inmates. The ethics of research involving incarcerated people extends beyond traditional ethical concerns related to human subjects to include issues in the domains of bioethics and public health ethics. Tamburello and Ferguson present a commentary on marginalized individuals diagnosed with mental health conditions and the medication-prescribing practices in correctional facilities. Several articles in this issue concern incarcerated women specifically…

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Commentaries
Ethical and Social Issues in Health Research Involving Incarcerated People
pp. 18-28
Steven S. Coughlin, Sharon R. Lewis, Selina A. Smith
Abstract:
The use of inmates in research in the U.S. was restricted by the recommendations of the National Commission and by federal regulations and guidelines that followed. By the 1980s, many health care officials became concerned about the exclusion of inmates from experimental treatments for human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV). These developments in ethics occurred in the context of racial/ethnic disparities in health. In this article, ethical considerations in clinical and public health research on HIV in prison and jail settings are considered. Ethical considerations in mental health research are summarized as well as issues pertaining to research involving female inmates. Issues related to oversight of research involving incarcerated people are considered along with the ethics of public health research. The ethics of research involving incarcerated people extends beyond traditional issues in human subjects ethics to include issues within the domains of bioethics and public health ethics.

Journal of International Development
May 2016 Volume 28, Issue 4 Pages 445–646
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.v28.4/issuetoc

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Research Articles
In Harm’s Way: Children’s Work in Risky Occupations in Brazil (pages 447–472)
Deborah S. DeGraff, Andrea R. Ferro and Deborah Levison
Article first published online: 30 JUN 2015 | DOI: 10.1002/jid.3111
Abstract
There were large numbers of child workers in domestic services, street work, construction and selected areas of agricultural production in Brazil at the turn of the century. These kinds of occupations are often problematic for youth. We show that children engaged in these risky categories of work are more disadvantaged than other employed children and non-employed children. Results from a large representative survey show that children in ‘risky’ work are more likely to have parents also engaged in hazardous activities or be living without both parents, characteristics that may be useful for targeting policy.

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Evidences on Donors Competition in Africa: Traditional Donors versus China (pages 528–551)
Eric Gabin Kilama
Article first published online: 28 DEC 2015 | DOI: 10.1002/jid.3198
Abstract
This paper describes the aid allocation behaviours of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) donors and their response to the emergence of China in the aid landscape. Our analysis presents evidences of donors’ competition in Africa.
We investigate whether African countries with the Chinese influence expanding receive favourable aid modalities from G7 donors over the period 2000–2011. We find a robust positive relationship between the level of aid and the number of China projects a country receives and the level of bilateral aid from G7 donors, even after accounting for standard economic and political factors. Results indicate that DAC donors use bilateral aid to tackle the increasing influence of China in Africa, by delivering more aid to countries with natural resources or strategic political interest. The paper also assesses empirically whether strategic interests and economic competition between DAC donors and China have influenced the composition of aid flows received by African countries.
Our empirical strategy is sharpened by the use of a spatial-X model and a difference-in-difference estimation that leverages a ‘natural’ experiment in DAC aid flows in the aftermath of the financial crisis, with China increasing his sphere of influence in Africa.

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Field Report
How a Strong Sense of Community Led to Improvements in Rural Health Care: The Case of Patanatic, Guatemala (pages 631–639)
Jeffrey S. Smith, Rachel J. Loder, Sonia Xiquin and Ana Adela Garcia
Article first published online: 26 JUN 2015 | DOI: 10.1002/jid.3122
Abstract
Improving rural health in the Global South has been approached from different perspectives. Since World War II, most aid has been funded through top-down approaches seeking to eliminate specific problems. There is a growing push, however, to involve local residents in the process, and the literature asserts that programs meshing with local cultural traditions and drawing upon resident knowledge are more successful. Here is a case study of how Patanatic, Guatemala developed its own rural health program. The lessons learned are worth considering and show promise of being applicable to other rural Global South locations.

Journal of Public Health Policy
Volume 37, Issue 2 (May 2016)
http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jphp/journal/v37/n2/index.html

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Editorial
How to understand the results of the climate change summit: Conference of Parties21 (COP21) Paris 2015 FREE
Our Co-Editor reports on developments from Paris, where he joined 40,000 people in November at the Summit at Le Bourget
Anthony Robbins
J Public Health Pol 37: 129-132; advance online publication, January 7, 2016; doi:10.1057/jphp.2015.47

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Viewpoints
Zika virus: An international emergency? FREE
A distinguished Mexican researcher anguishes about next steps to control this epidemic and its frightening consequences
Adolfo Martinez Palomo
J Public Health Pol 37: 133-135; advance online publication, February 25, 2016; doi:10.1057/jphp.2016.11
Abstract
This Viewpoint discusses the World Health Organization’s Declaration on 1 February 2016 that the epidemic infection caused by the Zika virus is a public health emergency of international concern – the basis of the decision and controversy surrounding it.

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Viewpoints
Unhealthy marketing of pharmaceutical products: An international public health concern
Shai Mulinari
J Public Health Pol 37: 149-159; advance online publication, February 25, 2016; doi:10.1057/jphp.2016.6
Abstract
I consider the current state of pharmaceutical marketing vis-à-vis ethical and legal standards and advocate measures to improve it. There is abundant evidence of unethical or illicit marketing. It fuels growing concerns about undue corporate influence over pharmaceutical research, education, and consumption. The most extensive evidence of industry transgressions comes from the United States (US), where whistle-blowers are encouraged by financial rewards to help uncover illicit marketing and fraud. Outside the US increasing evidence of transgressions exists. Recently I have observed a range of new measures to align pharmaceutical marketing practices with ethical and legal standards. In the interest of public health, I highlight the need for additional and more profound reforms to ensure that information about medicines supports quality and resource-efficient care

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Original Articles
Misconceptions about Ebola virus disease among lay people in Guinea: Lessons for community education
Lonzozou Kpanake, Komlantsè Gossou, Paul Clay Sorum, and Etienne Mullet
J Public Health Pol 37: 160-172; advance online publication, February 11, 2016; doi:10.1057/jphp.2016.1
Abstract
To characterize the perception of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Guinea, we administered, from November 2014 to February 2015, a questionnaire to a convenience sample of 200 lay people in Conakry and a group of 8 physicians. We found widespread misconceptions among lay people, including that praying to God can protect against EVD, that traditional healers are more competent than physicians in treating EVD, that people get infected through physical proximity without contact, that the Ebola epidemic is the result of Western bioterrorism experiments, that Western medical staff disseminated the virus, and that the purpose of quarantine measures is to hasten the death of Ebola patients. Major educational interventions, sensitive to local cultural beliefs, are needed to overcome the misconceptions about Ebola in Guinea.

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Social world of organ transplantation, trafficking, and policies
Farhan Navid Yousaf and Bandana Purkayastha
J Public Health Pol 37: 190-199; advance online publication, February 4, 2016; doi:10.1057/jphp.2016.2
Abstract
Although success of organ transplants reflects advances in medical procedures, the success has generated debates about the ethical standards and policies that govern transplants, especially the acquisition of organs for transplants. We focus on laws, policies, and organ trafficking to highlight the interdisciplinary perspectives that can shape our understanding of transplantation as a social phenomenon. We discuss international policies and country-specific legislation from Pakistan to point to gaps and their implications for protecting vulnerable people who are exploited for organ removal. International collaboration and the legal framework need to be strengthened to fight the menace globally and to deal with the cases of organ trafficking within the legal ambit of human trafficking so that the rights of victims are upheld by states, justice systems, and ultimately medical establishments and practitioners.

Journal of the Royal Society – Interface
01 April 2016; volume 13, issue 117
http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/current

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Life Sciences–Mathematics interface
Introduction of rubella-containing-vaccine to Madagascar: implications for roll-out and local elimination
Amy Wesolowski, Keitly Mensah, Cara E. Brook, Miora Andrianjafimasy, Amy Winter, Caroline O. Buckee, Richter Razafindratsimandresy, Andrew J. Tatem, Jean-Michel Heraud, C. Jessica E. Metcalf
J. R. Soc. Interface 2016 13 20151101; DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.1101. Published 27 April 2016
Abstract
Few countries in Africa currently include rubella-containing vaccination (RCV) in their immunization schedule. The Global Alliance for Vaccines Initiative (GAVI) recently opened a funding window that has motivated more widespread roll-out of RCV. As countries plan RCV introductions, an understanding of the existing burden, spatial patterns of vaccine coverage, and the impact of patterns of local extinction and reintroduction for rubella will be critical to developing effective programmes. As one of the first countries proposing RCV introduction in part with GAVI funding, Madagascar provides a powerful and timely case study. We analyse serological data from measles surveillance systems to characterize the epidemiology of rubella in Madagascar. Combining these results with data on measles vaccination delivery, we develop an age-structured model to simulate rubella vaccination scenarios and evaluate the dynamics of rubella and the burden of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) across Madagascar. We additionally evaluate the drivers of spatial heterogeneity in age of infection to identify focal locations where vaccine surveillance should be strengthened and where challenges to successful vaccination introduction are expected. Our analyses indicate that characteristics of rubella in Madagascar are in line with global observations, with an average age of infection near 7 years, and an impact of frequent local extinction with reintroductions causing localized epidemics. Modelling results indicate that introduction of RCV into the routine programme alone may initially decrease rubella incidence but then result in cumulative increases in the burden of CRS in some regions (and transient increases in this burden in many regions). Deployment of RCV with regular supplementary campaigns will mitigate these outcomes. Results suggest that introduction of RCV offers a potential for elimination of rubella in Madagascar, but also emphasize both that targeted vaccination is likely to be a lynchpin of this success, and the public health vigilance that this introduction will require.

The Lancet
Apr 30, 2016 Volume 387 Number 10030 p1789-1878 e25
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/issue/current

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Editorial
The next Director-General of WHO
The Lancet
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30358-0
Summary
WHO last week fired a starting pistol to launch the election for its next Director-General. The final vote does not take place until May, 2017. Procedures have been substantially revised since 2012, when Margaret Chan was elected to serve a second term. It is likely that this lengthy process will therefore be more transparent, accountable, and disputatious (and considerably less corrupt) than past elections.

[Excerpt]
…The deadline for member states to nominate candidates is Sept 22. Several prominent individuals have already disclosed their intentions to stand. Philippe Douste-Blazy served two terms as France’s Minister of Health and subsequently became Foreign Minister. He has been a leader on innovative financing for health and has chaired UNITAID since 2006. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus is currently Ethiopia’s Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was Minister of Health from 2005–12. The African Union has endorsed him as the sole African candidate for Director-General. Sania Nishtar, Pakistan’s former Minister of Health (among several other government portfolios), has had a distinguished career as a civil society leader. She founded the influential non-governmental organisation Heartfile in 1999. All three candidates are highly accomplished global health leaders, which bodes well for the future of WHO…

New England Journal of Medicine
April 28, 2016 Vol. 374 No. 17
http://www.nejm.org/toc/nejm/medical-journal

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Original Article
Phase 1 Trials of rVSV Ebola Vaccine in Africa and Europe
Selidji T. Agnandji, M.D., Angela Huttner, M.D., Madeleine E. Zinser, M.D., Patricia Njuguna, M.Med., Christine Dahlke, Ph.D., José F. Fernandes, M.D., Sabine Yerly, M.Sc., Julie-Anne Dayer, M.D., Verena Kraehling, Ph.D., Rahel Kasonta, Ph.D., Akim A. Adegnika, M.D., Ph.D., Marcus Altfeld, M.D., Ph.D., Floriane Auderset, Ph.D., Emmanuel B. Bache, M.Sc., Nadine Biedenkopf, Ph.D., Saskia Borregaard, Ph.D., Jessica S. Brosnahan, M.H.Sc., Rebekah Burrow, B.Sc., Christophe Combescure, Ph.D., Jules Desmeules, M.D., Markus Eickmann, Ph.D., Sarah K. Fehling, Ph.D., Axel Finckh, M.D., Ana Rita Goncalves, Ph.D., Martin P. Grobusch, M.D., Ph.D., Jay Hooper, Ph.D., Alen Jambrecina, M.D., Anita L. Kabwende, M.D., Gürkan Kaya, M.D., Ph.D., Domtila Kimani, B.Sc., Bertrand Lell, M.D., Barbara Lemaître, M.Sc., Ansgar W. Lohse, M.D., Marguerite Massinga-Loembe, Ph.D., Alain Matthey, M.D., Benjamin Mordmüller, M.D., Anne Nolting, M.D., Caroline Ogwang, M.B., Ch.B., Michael Ramharter, M.D., Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit, M.D., Stefan Schmiedel, M.D., Peter Silvera, Ph.D., Felix R. Stahl, M.D., Ph.D., Henry M. Staines, D.Phil., Thomas Strecker, Ph.D., Hans C. Stubbe, M.D., Benjamin Tsofa, Ph.D., Sherif Zaki, M.D., Ph.D., Patricia Fast, M.D., Ph.D., Vasee Moorthy, Ph.D., Laurent Kaiser, M.D., Sanjeev Krishna, Sc.D., Stephan Becker, Ph.D., Marie-Paule Kieny, Ph.D., Philip Bejon, Ph.D., Peter G. Kremsner, M.D., Marylyn M. Addo, M.D., Ph.D., and Claire-Anne Siegrist, M.D.*
N Engl J Med 2016; 374:1647-1660 April 28, 2016 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1502924

Abstract
Background
The replication-competent recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)–based vaccine expressing a Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) glycoprotein was selected for rapid safety and immunogenicity testing before its use in West Africa.
Methods
We performed three open-label, dose-escalation phase 1 trials and one randomized, double-blind, controlled phase 1 trial to assess the safety, side-effect profile, and immunogenicity of rVSV-ZEBOV at various doses in 158 healthy adults in Europe and Africa. All participants were injected with doses of vaccine ranging from 300,000 to 50 million plaque-forming units (PFU) or placebo.
Results
No serious vaccine-related adverse events were reported. Mild-to-moderate early-onset reactogenicity was frequent but transient (median, 1 day). Fever was observed in up to 30% of vaccinees. Vaccine viremia was detected within 3 days in 123 of the 130 participants (95%) receiving 3 million PFU or more; rVSV was not detected in saliva or urine. In the second week after injection, arthritis affecting one to four joints developed in 11 of 51 participants (22%) in Geneva, with pain lasting a median of 8 days (interquartile range, 4 to 87); 2 self-limited cases occurred in 60 participants (3%) in Hamburg, Germany, and Kilifi, Kenya. The virus was identified in one synovial-fluid aspirate and in skin vesicles of 2 other vaccinees, showing peripheral viral replication in the second week after immunization. ZEBOV-glycoprotein–specific antibody responses were detected in all the participants, with similar glycoprotein-binding antibody titers but significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers at higher doses. Glycoprotein-binding antibody titers were sustained through 180 days in all participants.
Conclusions
In these studies, rVSV-ZEBOV was reactogenic but immunogenic after a single dose and warrants further evaluation for safety and efficacy. (Funded by the Wellcome Trust and others; ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT02283099, NCT02287480, and NCT02296983; Pan African Clinical Trials Registry number, PACTR201411000919191.)

New England Journal of Medicine
April 28, 2016 Vol. 374 No. 17
http://www.nejm.org/toc/nejm/medical-journal
Original Article
A Monovalent Chimpanzee Adenovirus Ebola Vaccine Boosted with MVA
Katie Ewer, Ph.D., Tommy Rampling, M.R.C.P., Navin Venkatraman, M.R.C.P., Georgina Bowyer, B.A., Danny Wright, M.Sc., Teresa Lambe, Ph.D., Egeruan B. Imoukhuede, M.D., Ruth Payne, M.R.C.P., Sarah Katharina Fehling, Ph.D., Thomas Strecker, Ph.D., Nadine Biedenkopf, Ph.D., Verena Krähling, Ph.D., Claire M. Tully, B.A., Nick J. Edwards, B.Sc., Emma M. Bentley, B.Sc., Dhanraj Samuel, Ph.D., Geneviève Labbé, Ph.D., Jing Jin, Ph.D., Malick Gibani, M.R.C.P., Alice Minhinnick, M.B., Ch.B., Morven Wilkie, M.R.C.P., Ian Poulton, Dip.H.E., Natalie Lella, B.A., Rachel Roberts, M.Sc., Felicity Hartnell, M.B., B.S., Carly Bliss, B.A., Kailan Sierra-Davidson, B.A., Jonathan Powlson, B.Sc., Eleanor Berrie, Ph.D., Richard Tedder, M.B., B.Chir., Francois Roman, M.D., Iris De Ryck, Ph.D., Alfredo Nicosia, Ph.D., Nancy J. Sullivan, Ph.D., Daphne A. Stanley, M.S., Olivier T. Mbaya, M.D., Julie E. Ledgerwood, D.O., Richard M. Schwartz, Ph.D., Loredana Siani, Ph.D., Stefano Colloca, Ph.D., Antonella Folgori, Ph.D., Stefania Di Marco, Ph.D., Riccardo Cortese, M.D., Edward Wright, Ph.D., Stephan Becker, Ph.D., Barney S. Graham, M.D., Richard A. Koup, M.D., Myron M. Levine, M.D., Ariane Volkmann, Ph.D., Paul Chaplin, Ph.D., Andrew J. Pollard, Ph.D., Simon J. Draper, D.Phil., W. Ripley Ballou, M.D., Alison Lawrie, Ph.D., Sarah C. Gilbert, Ph.D., and Adrian V.S. Hill, D.M.
N Engl J Med 2016; 374:1635-1646 April 28, 2016 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1411627

Abstract
Background
The West African outbreak of Ebola virus disease that peaked in 2014 has caused more than 11,000 deaths. The development of an effective Ebola vaccine is a priority for control of a future outbreak.
Methods
In this phase 1 study, we administered a single dose of the chimpanzee adenovirus 3 (ChAd3) vaccine encoding the surface glycoprotein of Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) to 60 healthy adult volunteers in Oxford, United Kingdom. The vaccine was administered in three dose levels — 1×1010 viral particles, 2.5×1010 viral particles, and 5×1010 viral particles — with 20 participants in each group. We then assessed the effect of adding a booster dose of a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) strain, encoding the same Ebola virus glycoprotein, in 30 of the 60 participants and evaluated a reduced prime–boost interval in another 16 participants. We also compared antibody responses to inactivated whole Ebola virus virions and neutralizing antibody activity with those observed in phase 1 studies of a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus–based vaccine expressing a ZEBOV glycoprotein (rVSV-ZEBOV) to determine relative potency and assess durability.
Results
No safety concerns were identified at any of the dose levels studied. Four weeks after immunization with the ChAd3 vaccine, ZEBOV-specific antibody responses were similar to those induced by rVSV-ZEBOV vaccination, with a geometric mean titer of 752 and 921, respectively. ZEBOV neutralization activity was also similar with the two vaccines (geometric mean titer, 14.9 and 22.2, respectively). Boosting with the MVA vector increased virus-specific antibodies by a factor of 12 (geometric mean titer, 9007) and increased glycoprotein-specific CD8+ T cells by a factor of 5. Significant increases in neutralizing antibodies were seen after boosting in all 30 participants (geometric mean titer, 139; P<0.001). Virus-specific antibody responses in participants primed with ChAd3 remained positive 6 months after vaccination (geometric mean titer, 758) but were significantly higher in those who had received the MVA booster (geometric mean titer, 1750; P<0.001).
Conclusions
The ChAd3 vaccine boosted with MVA elicited B-cell and T-cell immune responses to ZEBOV that were superior to those induced by the ChAd3 vaccine alone. (Funded by the Wellcome Trust and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02240875.)