Nature
Volume 533 Number 7601 pp7-138 5 May 2016
http://www.nature.com/nature/current_issue.html

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Comment
Policy: Security spending must cover disease outbreaks
Tadataka Yamada, V. Ayano Ogawa and Maria Freire call for research and development funding and coordination to counter global infectious-disease threats.

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Letters
Unique human immune signature of Ebola virus disease in Guinea
Paula Ruibal, Lisa Oestereich, Anja Lüdtke, Beate Becker-Ziaja, David M. Wozniak+ et al.
Fatal Ebola virus disease is characterized by a high proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing the inhibitory molecules CTLA-4 and PD-1, correlating with high virus load; individuals who survive the infection exhibit lower expression of these inhibitory molecules and generate Ebola-specific CD8+ T cells, suggesting that dysregulation of the T cell response is a key component of Ebola virus disease pathophysiology.

New England Journal of Medicine
May 5, 2016 Vol. 374 No. 18
http://www.nejm.org/toc/nejm/medical-journal

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Original Article
Efficacy of a Single-Dose, Inactivated Oral Cholera Vaccine in Bangladesh
Firdausi Qadri, Ph.D., Thomas F. Wierzba, Ph.D., Mohammad Ali, Ph.D., Fahima Chowdhury, M.P.H., Ashraful I. Khan, Ph.D., Amit Saha, M.Med., Iqbal A. Khan, M.Sc., Muhammad Asaduzzaman, M.Phil., Afroza Akter, M.B., B.S., Arifuzzaman Khan, M.B., B.S., Yasmin A. Begum, Ph.D., Taufiqur R. Bhuiyan, Ph.D., Farhana Khanam, M.Sc., Mohiul I. Chowdhury, M.P.H., Taufiqul Islam, M.B., B.S., Atique I. Chowdhury, M.Sc., Anisur Rahman, M.Sc., Shah A. Siddique, M.P.H., Young A. You, M.Sc., Deok R. Kim, M.Sc., Ashraf U. Siddik, M.S.S., Nirod C. Saha, M.Sc., Alamgir Kabir, M.Sc., Alejandro Cravioto, Ph.D., Sachin N. Desai, M.D., Ajit P. Singh, M.D., and John D. Clemens, M.D.
N Engl J Med 2016; 374:1723-1732 May 5, 2016 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1510330
Abstract
Background
A single-dose regimen of the current killed oral cholera vaccines that have been prequalified by the World Health Organization would make them more attractive for use against endemic and epidemic cholera. We conducted an efficacy trial of a single dose of the killed oral cholera vaccine Shanchol, which is currently given in a two-dose schedule, in an urban area in which cholera is highly endemic.
Methods
Nonpregnant residents of Dhaka, Bangladesh, who were 1 year of age or older were randomly assigned to receive a single dose of oral cholera vaccine or oral placebo. The primary outcome was vaccine protective efficacy against culture-confirmed cholera occurring 7 to 180 days after dosing. Prespecified secondary outcomes included protective efficacy against severely dehydrating culture-confirmed cholera during the same interval, against cholera and severe cholera occurring 7 to 90 versus 91 to 180 days after dosing, and against cholera and severe cholera according to age at baseline.
Results
A total of 101 episodes of cholera, 37 associated with severe dehydration, were detected among the 204,700 persons who received one dose of vaccine or placebo. The vaccine protective efficacy was 40% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11 to 60%; 0.37 cases per 1000 vaccine recipients vs. 0.62 cases per 1000 placebo recipients) against all cholera episodes, 63% (95% CI, 24 to 82%; 0.10 vs. 0.26 cases per 1000 recipients) against severely dehydrating cholera episodes, and 63% (95% CI, −39 to 90%), 56% (95% CI, 16 to 77%), and 16% (95% CI, −49% to 53%) against all cholera episodes among persons vaccinated at the age of 5 to 14 years, 15 or more years, and 1 to 4 years, respectively, although the differences according to age were not significant (P=0.25). Adverse events occurred at similar frequencies in the two groups.
Conclusions
A single dose of the oral cholera vaccine was efficacious in older children (≥5 years of age) and in adults in a setting with a high level of cholera endemicity. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02027207.)

Pediatrics
May 2016, VOLUME 137 / ISSUE 5
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/137/5?current-issue=y

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Special Articles
Zika Virus Disease: A CDC Update for Pediatric Health Care Providers
Mateusz P. Karwowski, Jennifer M. Nelson, J. Erin Staples, Marc Fischer, Katherine E. Fleming-Dutra, Julie Villanueva, Ann M. Powers, Paul Mead, Margaret A. Honein, Cynthia A. Moore, Sonja A. Rasmussen
Pediatrics May 2016, 137 (5) e20160621; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0621

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Special Articles
The Challenges in Measuring Local Immunization Coverage: A Statewide Case Study
Elizabeth Wolf, Ali Rowhani-Rahbar, Jeffrey Duchin, M. Patricia DeHart, Douglas Opel
Pediatrics May 2016, 137 (5) e20153755; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3755
Abstract
There are many forms of existing immunization surveillance in the United States and Washington state, but all are limited in their ability to provide timely identification of clusters of unimmunized individuals and assess the risk of vaccine-preventable diseases. This article aims to: (1) describe challenges to measuring immunization coverage at a local level in the United States using Washington State as a case study; and (2) propose improvements to existing surveillance systems that address the challenges identified.

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Articles
Childhood Sexual Violence Against Boys: A Study in 3 Countries
Steven A. Sumner, James A. Mercy, Robert Buluma, Mary W. Mwangi, Louis H. Marcelin, They Kheam, Veronica Lea, Kathryn Brookmeyer, Howard Kress, Susan D. Hillis
Pediatrics May 2016, 137 (5) e20153386; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3386
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Globally, little evidence exists on sexual violence against boys. We sought to produce the first internationally comparable estimates of the magnitude, characteristics, risk factors, and consequences of sexual violence against boys in 3 diverse countries.
METHODS: We conducted nationally representative, multistage cluster Violence Against Children Surveys in Haiti, Kenya, and Cambodia among males aged 13 to 24 years. Differences between countries for boys experiencing sexual violence (including sexual touching, attempted sex, and forced/coerced sex) before age 18 years were examined by using χ2 and logistic regression analyses.
RESULTS: In Haiti, Kenya, and Cambodia, respectively, 1459, 1456, and 1255 males completed surveys. The prevalence of experiencing any form of sexual violence ranged from 23.1% (95% confidence Interval [CI]: 20.0–26.2) in Haiti to 14.8% (95% CI: 12.0–17.7) in Kenya, and 5.6% (95% CI: 4.0–7.2) in Cambodia. The largest share of perpetrators in Haiti, Kenya, and Cambodia, respectively, were friends/neighbors (64.7%), romantic partners (37.2%), and relatives (37.0%). Most episodes occurred inside perpetrators’ or victims’ homes in Haiti (60.4%), contrasted with outside the home in Kenya (65.3%) and Cambodia (52.1%). The most common time period for violence in Haiti, Kenya, and Cambodia was the afternoon (55.0%), evening (41.3%), and morning (38.2%), respectively. Adverse health effects associated with violence were common, including increased odds of transactional sex, alcohol abuse, sexually transmitted infections, anxiety/depression, suicidal ideation/attempts, and violent gender attitudes.
CONCLUSIONS: Differences were noted between countries in the prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors of sexual violence, yet associations with adverse health effects were pervasive. Prevention strategies tailored to individual locales are needed.

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Pediatrics Perspectives
Children and Solitary Confinement: A Call to Action
Mikah Owen, Jeffrey Goldhagen
Pediatrics May 2016, 137 (5) e20154180; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-4180
[Initial text]
In 2011, the United Nations (UN) issued a report calling for the abolishment of solitary confinement for juveniles because it “can amount to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.”1 Although there is no universal definition of solitary confinement, the report defines it as “the physical and social isolation of individuals who are confined to their cell for 22 to 24 hours a day.”1 Juvenile detention facilities often use similar practices, isolating children for many, but Despite the UN report, the United States continues to apply the use of juvenile solitary confinement and isolation. Disturbingly, no federal statutes limit or prevent application of these practices to juveniles, and the majority of states do not have laws that explicitly limit their use.2 Most commonly, these solitary confinement and isolation practices are left to the discretion of juvenile housing facilities that vary in type (detention, group, residential treatment centers) and staff/resident ratios. These facilities, whether public or private, generally operate outside the purview of public accountability.
The extent to which solitary confinement and isolation of children is used in the United States is largely unknown…

PLoS Medicine
http://www.plosmedicine.org/
(Accessed 7 May 2016)

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Essay
A Public Health Paradox: The Women Most Vulnerable to Malaria Are the Least Protected
Raquel González, Esperança Sevene, George Jagoe, Laurence Slutsker, Clara Menéndez
| published 03 May 2016 | PLOS Medicine
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002014

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Effectiveness of and Financial Returns to Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention in South Africa: An Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Markus Haacker, Nicole Fraser-Hurt, Marelize Gorgens
Research Article | published 03 May 2016 | PLOS Medicine
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002012

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Interpreting the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) Findings on Sanitation, Hygiene, and Diarrhea
Jonny Crocker, Jamie Bartram
Perspective | published 03 May 2016 | PLOS Medicine
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002011

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Sanitation and Hygiene-Specific Risk Factors for Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in Young Children in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, 2007–2011: Case-Control Study
Kelly K. Baker, Ciara E. O’Reilly, Myron M. Levine, Karen L. Kotloff, James P. Nataro, Tracy L. Ayers, Tamer H. Farag, Dilruba Nasrin, William C. Blackwelder, Yukun Wu, Pedro L. Alonso, Robert F. Breiman, Richard Omore, Abu S. G. Faruque, Sumon Kumar Das, Shahnawaz Ahmed, Debasish Saha, Samba O. Sow, Dipika Sur, Anita K. M. Zaidi, Fahreen Quadri, Eric D. Mintz
Research Article | published 03 May 2016 | PLOS Medicine
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002010

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
http://www.plosntds.org/
(Accessed 7 May 2016)

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Research Article
Potential Impact of Sexual Transmission on Ebola Virus Epidemiology: Sierra Leone as a Case Study
Jessica L. Abbate, Carmen Lia Murall, Heinz Richner, Christian L. Althaus
| published 02 May 2016 | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004676

PLoS One
http://www.plosone.org/
[Accessed 7 May 2016]

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Research Article
Latent Tuberculosis in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review
Isabelle Malhamé, Maxime Cormier, Jordan Sugarman, Kevin Schwartzman
| published 05 May 2016 | PLOS ONE
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154825

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Predictors of Uptake and Timeliness of Newly Introduced Pneumococcal and Rotavirus Vaccines, and of Measles Vaccine in Rural Malawi: A Population Cohort Study
Hazzie Mvula, Ellen Heinsbroek, Menard Chihana, Amelia C. Crampin, Storn Kabuluzi, Geoffrey Chirwa, Charles Mwansambo, Anthony Costello, Nigel A. Cunliffe, Robert S. Heyderman, Neil French, Naor Bar-Zeev, VacSurv Consortium
Research Article | published 06 May 2016 | PLOS ONE
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154997
Abstract
Background
Malawi introduced pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1) in 2011 and 2012 respectively, and is planning the introduction of a second-dose measles vaccine (MV). We assessed predictors of availability, uptake and timeliness of these vaccines in a rural Malawian setting.
Methods
Commencing on the first date of PCV13 eligibility we conducted a prospective population-based birth cohort study of 2,616 children under demographic surveillance in Karonga District, northern Malawi who were eligible for PCV13, or from the date of RV1 introduction both PCV13 and RV1. Potential predictors of vaccine uptake and timeliness for PCV13, RV1 and MV were analysed respectively using robust Poisson and Cox regression.
Results
Vaccine coverage was high for all vaccines, ranging from 86.9% for RV1 dose 2 to 95.4% for PCV13 dose 1. Median time delay for PCV13 dose 1 was 17 days (IQR 7–36), 19 days (IQR 8–36) for RV1 dose 1 and 20 days (IQR 3–46) for MV. Infants born to lower educated or farming mothers and those living further away from the road or clinic were at greater risk of being not fully vaccinated and being vaccinated late. Delays in vaccination were also associated with non-facility birth. Vaccine stock-outs resulted in both a delay in vaccine timeliness and in a decrease in completion of schedule.
Conclusion
Despite high vaccination coverage in this setting, delays in vaccination were common. We identified programmatic and socio-demographic risk factors for uptake and timeliness of vaccination. Understanding who remains most vulnerable to be unvaccinated allows for focussed delivery thereby increasing population coverage and maximising the equitable benefits of universal vaccination programmes.

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Perceptions of Psychological Coercion and Human Trafficking in the West Midlands of England: Beginning to Know the Unknown
Coral J. Dando, David Walsh, Robin Brierley
Research Article | published 05 May 2016 | PLOS ONE
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153263

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Assessing the Effect of mHealth Interventions in Improving Maternal and Neonatal Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review
Stephanie Felicie Victoria Sondaal, Joyce Linda Browne, Mary Amoakoh-Coleman, Alexander Borgstein, Andrea Solnes Miltenburg, Mirjam Verwijs, Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch
Research Article | published 04 May 2016 | PLOS ONE
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154664

Reproductive Health
http://www.reproductive-health-journal.com/content
[Accessed 7 May 2016]

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Research
A new wave in the quiet revolution in contraceptive use in Nepal: the rise of emergency contraception
In Nepal, while the use of the emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) has been increasing rapidly in recent years, very little is known about the profile of ECP users.
Shyam Thapa
Published on: 4 May 2016

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Research
Motherhood in childhood: addressing reproductive health hazards among adolescent married women in India
In India, due to the high prevalence of child marriage, most adolescent pregnancies occur within marriage. Pregnancy and childbirth complications are among the leading causes of death in girls aged 15 to 19…
Shraboni Patra
Published on: 4 May 2016

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Research
Empowerment, intimate partner violence and skilled birth attendance among women in rural Uganda
There is limited research on how the empowerment of women and intimate partner violence (IPV) are associated with skilled birth attendance (SBA) among rural women in Uganda.
Betty Kwagala, Olivia Nankinga, Stephen Ojiambo Wandera, Patricia Ndugga and Allen Kabagenyi
Published on: 4 May 2016

Science
06 May 2016 Vol 352, Issue 6286
http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl

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In Depth – Global Change
Amazon rainforest to get a growth check
Daniel Grossman
Science 06 May 2016:
Vol. 352, Issue 6286, pp. 635-636
DOI: 10.1126/science.352.6286.635
Summary
An international team of researchers is about to launch a project that could help answer whether the mighty photosynthetic engine of the Amazon rainforest will consume enough atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) to slow global warming. Called AmazonFACE (Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment), it’s based on a simple idea: For 12 years, researchers will spray pure CO2 into instrumented plots in the rainforest northwest of Manaus, Brazil, raising ambient concentrations to 600 parts per million—a level the world could reach as early as 2050—all the while taking meticulous measurements to determine how the gas affects the growth of plants. That’s a key question because through photosynthesis, land plants currently take up about a quarter of the CO2 humans add to the atmosphere each year, sequestering it as wood and as soil carbon. This natural uptake slows the buildup of CO2 in the air, moderating global warming. FACE experiments have been conducted at dozens of sites in more than a dozen countries, but never before in the Amazon. Researchers must surmount a host of logistical challenges both before and after construction starts next year.

Wellcome Trust [to 30 April 2016]
http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/News/2016/index.htm
28 April 2016
Top Wellcome researchers awarded Academy Fellowships
Eighteen researchers we’re supporting, and a number in the wider Wellcome community, have today been elected to the prestigious Fellowship of the Academy of Medical Sciences.

Mike Turner appointed Acting Director of Science
Mike Turner, currently Head of Infection and Immunobiology at the Wellcome Trust, has been appointed Acting Director of Science until a permanent appointment is made. 26 April 2016

Wellcome appoints new Head of Public Engagement
Imran Khan has been appointed Head of Public Engagement at the Wellcome Trust, where he will play a key role in shaping and growing public engagement with science in the UK and globally.
25 April 2016

:: Journal Watch
The Sentinel will track key peer-reviewed journals which address a broad range of interests in human rights, humanitarian response, health and development. It is not intended to be exhaustive. We will add to those monitored below as we encounter relevant content and upon recommendation from readers. We selectively provide full text of abstracts and other content but note that successful access to some of the articles and other content may require subscription or other access arrangement unique to the publisher. Please suggest additional journals you feel warrant coverage.

American Journal of Preventive Medicine
May 2016 Volume 50, Issue 5, p553-676, e123-e162
http://www.ajpmonline.org/current

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Research Articles
Childhood Adversity and Adult Reports of Food Insecurity Among Households With Children
Jing Sun, Molly Knowles, Falguni Patel, Deborah A. Frank, Timothy C. Heeren, Mariana Chilton
p561–572
Published online: November 16 2015
Open Access
Preview
Exposure to childhood adversity, including abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, is associated with negative long-term health and economic outcomes. Little is known about how adversity exposure in parents’ early lives may be related to later food insecurity for parents and their children. This study investigated the association between female caregivers’ adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and household and child food insecurity, taking into account depressive symptoms.
Abstract
Introduction
Exposure to childhood adversity, including abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, is associated with negative long-term health and economic outcomes. Little is known about how adversity exposure in parents’ early lives may be related to later food insecurity for parents and their children. This study investigated the association between female caregivers’ adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and household and child food insecurity, taking into account depressive symptoms.
Methods
This study used cross-sectional data from 1,255 female caregivers of children aged 7.1% higher than IIV, but never cost saving when absolute LAIV effectiveness was <3.5% higher than IIV.
Conclusions
Results support CDC’s decision to no longer prefer LAIV use and provide guidance on effectiveness differences between influenza vaccines that might lead to preferential LAIV recommendation for children aged 2–8 years.

American Journal of Public Health
Volume 106, Issue 5 (May 2016)
http://ajph.aphapublications.org/toc/ajph/current

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AJPH EDITORIALS
SOCIAL ISOLATION
Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Living Alone: Identifying the Risks for Public Health
Eric Klinenberg
American Journal of Public Health: May 2016, Vol. 106, No. 5: 786–787.

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AJPH PERSPECTIVES
CORRECTIONAL HEALTH
Mainstream Health Care in Taiwan’s Prisons: A Model for Expanding Medicaid Coverage to Incarcerated Americans
Michael S. Chen, San-Kuei Huang
American Journal of Public Health: May 2016, Vol. 106, No. 5: 794–795

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AJPH GLOBAL HEALTH FORUM
UNIVERSAL COVERAGE
Being Fair in Universal Health Coverage: Prioritize Public Health Services for Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Mathew George
American Journal of Public Health: May 2016, Vol. 106, No. 5: 830–831

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AJPH LETTERS AND RESPONSES
REFUGEE HEALTH
Syrian Refugees Constitute 20% of Jordan’s Population
Mujalli M. Murshidi
American Journal of Public Health: May 2016, Vol. 106, No. 5: e18–e18.

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Supporting Syrian Refugees: The Need for a Multidisciplinary Action Plan
Samy A. Azer
American Journal of Public Health: May 2016, Vol. 106, No. 5: e18–e19.

BMC Health Services Research
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmchealthservres/content
(Accessed 30 April 2016)

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Research article
Stigma, explanatory models and unmet needs of caregivers of children with developmental disorders in a low-income African country: a cross-sectional facility-based survey
Understanding the perspectives of caregivers of children with developmental disorders living in low-income countries is important to inform intervention programmes.
Dejene Tilahun, Charlotte Hanlon, Abebaw Fekadu, Bethlehem Tekola, Yonas Baheretibeb and Rosa A. Hoekstra
BMC Health Services Research 2016 16:152
Published on: 27 April 2016

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Research article
Assessment of medicines use pattern using World Health Organization’s Prescribing, Patient Care and Health facility indicators in selected health facilities in eastern Ethiopia
About one-third of the world’s population lack access to essential medicines and this is further compounded by inappropriate prescription, dispensing, sale and use of the available medicines.
Arebu I. Bilal, Ebrahim D. Osman and Anwar Mulugeta
BMC Health Services Research 2016 16:144
Published on: 23 April 2016

BMC Medical Ethics
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcmedethics/content
(Accessed 30 April 2016)

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Research article
The ethics of community-based research with people who use drugs: results of a scoping review
Rusty Souleymanov, Dario Kuzmanović, Zack Marshall, Ayden I. Scheim, Mikiki Mikiki, Catherine Worthington and Margaret (Peggy) Millson
Published on: 29 April 2016
Abstract
Background
Drug user networks and community-based organizations advocate for greater, meaningful involvement of people with lived experience of drug use in research, programs and services, and policy initiatives. Community-based approaches to research provide an opportunity to engage people who use drugs in all stages of the research process. Conducting community-based participatory research (CBPR) with people who use drugs has its own ethical challenges that are not necessarily acknowledged or supported by institutional ethics review boards. We conducted a scoping review to identify ethical issues in CBPR with people who use drugs that were documented in peer-reviewed and grey literature.
Methods
The search strategy focused on three areas; community-based research, ethical issues, and drug use. Searches of five academic databases were conducted in addition to a grey literature search, hand-searching, and consultation with organizational partners and key stakeholders. Peer reviewed literature and community reports published in English between 1985 and 2013 were included, with initial screening conducted by two reviewers.
Results
The search strategy produced a total of 874 references. Twenty-five references met the inclusion criteria and were included in our thematic analysis. Five areas were identified as important to the ethics of CBPR with people who use drugs: 1) participant compensation, 2) drug user perspectives on CBPR, 3) peer recruitment and representation in CBPR, 4) capacity building, and 5) participation and inclusion in CBPR.
Conclusions
We critically discuss implications of the emerging research in this field and provide suggestions for future research and practice.

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcpregnancychildbirth/content
(Accessed 30 April 2016)

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Research article
The influence of grandmothers on breastfeeding rates: a systematic review
Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of an infant’s life has enormous potential to reduce mortality and morbidity. The older generation, particularly the infant’s grandmothers, play a central role …
Joel Negin, Jenna Coffman, Pavle Vizintin and Camille Raynes-Greenow
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2016 16:91
Published on: 27 April 2016

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Research article
Stressful events, social health issues and psychological distress in Aboriginal women having a baby in South Australia: implications for antenatal care
Around 6 % of births in Australia are to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander families. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women are 2–3 times more likely to experience adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes…
Donna Weetra, Karen Glover, Mary Buckskin, Jackie Ah Kit, Cathy Leane, Amanda Mitchell, Deanna Stuart-Butler, May Turner, Jane Yelland, Deirdre Gartland and Stephanie J Brown
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2016 16:88
Published on: 26 April 2016

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Research article
Perinatal health outcomes of East African immigrant populations in Victoria, Australia: a population based study
Sub-Saharan African women are often treated as a single group in epidemiological studies of immigrant birth outcomes, potentially masking variations across countries.
Fetene B. Belihu, Mary-Ann Davey and Rhonda Small
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2016 16:86
Published on: 26 April 2016

Child Care, Health and Development
May 2016 Volume 42, Issue 3 Pages 297–454
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cch.v42.3/issuetoc

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Reviews
Long-term cognitive and school outcomes of late-preterm and early-term births: a systematic review (pages 297–312)
E. Chan, P. Leong, R. Malouf and M. A. Quigley
Article first published online: 10 FEB 2016 | DOI: 10.1111/cch.12320

Reviews
The role of collaboration in the cognitive development of young children: a systematic review (pages 313–324)
J. Sills, G. Rowse and L.-M. Emerson
Article first published online: 16 MAR 2016 | DOI: 10.1111/cch.12330

Reviews
Interagency collaboration in children and young people’s mental health: a systematic review of outcomes, facilitating factors and inhibiting factors (pages 325–342)
M. Cooper, Y. Evans and J. Pybis
Article first published online: 10 FEB 2016 | DOI: 10.1111/cch.12322

Eurosurveillance
Volume 21, Issue 17, 28 April 2016
http://www.eurosurveillance.org/Public/Articles/Archives.aspx?PublicationId=11678

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Review articles
Best practices in ranking communicable disease threats: a literature review, 2015
by EC O’Brien, R Taft, K Geary, M Ciotti, JE Suk
The threat of serious, cross-border communicable disease outbreaks in Europe poses a significant challenge to public health and emergency preparedness because the relative likelihood of these threats and the pathogens involved are constantly shifting in response to a range of changing disease drivers. To inform strategic planning by enabling effective resource allocation to manage the consequences of communicable disease outbreaks, it is useful to be able to rank and prioritise pathogens. This paper reports on a literature review which identifies and evaluates the range of methods used for risk ranking. Searches were performed across biomedical and grey literature databases, supplemented by reference harvesting and citation tracking. Studies were selected using transparent inclusion criteria and underwent quality appraisal using a bespoke checklist based on the AGREE II criteria. Seventeen studies were included in the review, covering five methodologies. A narrative analysis of the selected studies suggests that no single methodology was superior. However, many of the methods shared common components, around which a ‘best-practice’ framework was formulated. This approach is intended to help inform decision makers’ choice of an appropriate risk-ranking study design.

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News
World Health Organization announces European Region malaria free
On 20 April 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the WHO European Region, which comprises 53 countries, is the first of the WHO regions to have interrupted the indigenous transmission of malaria [1].

In 2005, the WHO European Regional Office for Europe adopted the Tashkent Declaration, ‘The Move from Malaria Control to Elimination’ [2] which paved the way for a new malaria elimination strategy, the ‘Regional Strategy: From Malaria Control to Elimination in the WHO European Region 2006-2015’ [3]. The Regional Strategy set out milestones for the countries of the WHO European Region to eliminate malaria. Between 1995 and 2015, the number of indigenous malaria cases went from around 90,000 to zero in the European Region.

In July 2016, the WHO will hold its first meeting on the prevention of the re-introduction of malaria into the WHO European Region. According to the WHO, the meeting will focus on prevention through (i) sustained political commitment, (ii) strong vigilance to test and treat all malaria cases promptly, (iii) understanding how malaria transmission could be reintroduced and the risk it poses; and (iv) immediate action if local malaria transmission resumes.

Globalization and Health
http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/
[Accessed 30 April 2016]

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Research
Partnerships in global health and collaborative governance: lessons learnt from the Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine at the Geneva University Hospitals
David Beran, Sigiriya Aebischer Perone, Gabriel Alcoba, Alexandre Bischoff, Claire-Lise Bussien, Gilles Eperon, Olivier Hagon, Olivia Heller, Frédérique Jacquerioz Bausch, Nicolas Perone, Thomas Vogel and François Chappuis
Published on: 29 April 2016
Abstract
Background
In 2007 the “Crisp Report” on international partnerships increased interest in Northern countries on the way their links with Southern partners operated. Since its establishment in 2007 the Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine at the Geneva University Hospitals has developed a variety of partnerships. Frameworks to assess these partnerships are needed and recent attention in the field of public management on collaborative governance may provide a useful approach for analyzing international collaborations.
Methods
Projects of the Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine were analyzed by collaborators within the Division using the model proposed by Emerson and colleagues for collaborative governance, which comprises different components that assess the collaborative process.
Results
International projects within the Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine can be divided into four categories: Human resource development; Humanitarian response; Neglected Tropical Diseases and Noncommunicable diseases. For each of these projects there was a clear leader from the Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine as well as a local counterpart. These individuals were seen as leaders both due to their role in establishing the collaboration as well as their technical expertise. Across these projects the actual partners vary greatly. This diversity means a wide range of contributions to the collaboration, but also complexity in managing different interests. A common definition of the collaborative aims in each of the projects is both a formal and informal process. Legal, financial and administrative aspects of the collaboration are the formal elements. These can be a challenge based on different administrative requirements. Friendship is part of the informal aspects and helps contribute to a relationship that is not exclusively professional.
Conclusion
Using collaborative governance allows the complexity of managing partnerships to be presented. The framework used highlights the process of establishing collaborations, which is an element often negated by other more traditional models used in international partnerships. Applying the framework to the projects of the Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine highlights the importance of shared values and interests, credibility of partners, formal and informal methods of management as well as friendship.

Health Research Policy and Systems
http://www.health-policy-systems.com/content
[Accessed 30 April 2016]

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Commentary
The Life Science Exchange: a case study of a sectoral and sub-sectoral knowledge exchange programme
Brian Lee Perkins, Rob Garlick, Jodie Wren, Jon Smart, Julie Kennedy, Phil Stephens, Gwyn Tudor, Jonathan Bisson and David V. Ford
Published on: 27 April 2016
Abstract
Background
Local and national governments have implemented sector-specific policies to support economic development through innovation, entrepreneurship and knowledge exchange. Supported by the Welsh Government through the European Regional Development Fund, The Life Science Exchange® project was created with the aim to increase interaction between stakeholders, to develop more effective knowledge exchange mechanisms, and to stimulate the formation and maintenance of long-term collaborative relationships within the Welsh life sciences ecosystem. The Life Science Exchange allowed participants to interact with other stakeholder communities (clinical, academic, business, governmental), exchange perspectives and discover new opportunities.
Methods
Six sub-sector focus groups comprising over 200 senior stakeholders from academia, industry, the Welsh Government and National Health Service were established. Over 18 months, each focus group provided input to inform healthcare innovation policy and knowledge mapping exercises of their respective sub-sectors. Collaborative projects identified during the focus groups and stakeholder engagement were further developed through sandpit events and bespoke support.
Results
Each sub-sector focus group produced a report outlining the significant strengths and opportunities in their respective areas of focus, made recommendations to overcome any ‘system failures’, and identified the stakeholder groups which needed to take action. A second outcome was a stakeholder-driven knowledge mapping exercise for each area of focus. Finally, the sandpit events and bespoke support resulted in participants generating more than £1.66 million in grant funding and inward investment. This article outlines four separate outcomes from the Life Science Exchange programme.
Conclusions
The Life Science Exchange process has resulted in a multitude of collaborations, projects, inward investment opportunities and special interest group formations, in addition to securing over ten times its own costs in funding for Wales. The Life Science Exchange model is a simple and straightforward mechanism for a regional or national government to adapt and implement in order to improve innovation, skills, networks and knowledge exchange.

JAMA
April 26, 2016, Vol 315, No. 16
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/issue.aspx

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Special Communication | April 26, 2016
The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014
Raj Chetty, PhD1; Michael Stepner, BA2; Sarah Abraham, BA2; Shelby Lin, MPhil3; Benjamin Scuderi, BA4; Nicholas Turner, PhD5; Augustin Bergeron, MA4; David Cutler, PhD4
Author Affiliations
JAMA. 2016;315(16):1750-1766. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.4226.
Abstract
Importance
The relationship between income and life expectancy is well established but remains poorly understood.
Objectives
To measure the level, time trend, and geographic variability in the association between income and life expectancy and to identify factors related to small area variation.
Design and Setting
Income data for the US population were obtained from 1.4 billion deidentified tax records between 1999 and 2014. Mortality data were obtained from Social Security Administration death records. These data were used to estimate race- and ethnicity-adjusted life expectancy at 40 years of age by household income percentile, sex, and geographic area, and to evaluate factors associated with differences in life expectancy.
Exposure
Pretax household earnings as a measure of income.
Main Outcomes and Measures
Relationship between income and life expectancy; trends in life expectancy by income group; geographic variation in life expectancy levels and trends by income group; and factors associated with differences in life expectancy across areas.
Results
The sample consisted of 1,408,287,218 person-year observations for individuals aged 40 to 76 years (mean age, 53.0 years; median household earnings among working individuals, $61 175 per year). There were 4 114 380 deaths among men (mortality rate, 596.3 per 100,000) and 2,694,808 deaths among women (mortality rate, 375.1 per 100,000). The analysis yielded 4 results. First, higher income was associated with greater longevity throughout the income distribution. The gap in life expectancy between the richest 1% and poorest 1% of individuals was 14.6 years (95% CI, 14.4 to 14.8 years) for men and 10.1 years (95% CI, 9.9 to 10.3 years) for women. Second, inequality in life expectancy increased over time. Between 2001 and 2014, life expectancy increased by 2.34 years for men and 2.91 years for women in the top 5% of the income distribution, but by only 0.32 years for men and 0.04 years for women in the bottom 5% (P < .001 for the differences for both sexes). Third, life expectancy for low-income individuals varied substantially across local areas. In the bottom income quartile, life expectancy differed by approximately 4.5 years between areas with the highest and lowest longevity. Changes in life expectancy between 2001 and 2014 ranged from gains of more than 4 years to losses of more than 2 years across areas. Fourth, geographic differences in life expectancy for individuals in the lowest income quartile were significantly correlated with health behaviors such as smoking (r=-0.69, P  < .001), but were not significantly correlated with access to medical care, physical environmental factors, income inequality, or labor market conditions. Life expectancy for low-income individuals was positively correlated with the local area fraction of immigrants (r = 0.72, P < .001), fraction of college graduates (r= 0.42, P < .001), and government expenditures (r=0.57, P < .001).
Conclusions and Relevance
In the United States between 2001 and 2014, higher income was associated with greater longevity, and differences in life expectancy across income groups increased over time. However, the association between life expectancy and income varied substantially across areas; differences in longevity across income groups decreased in some areas and increased in others. The differences in life expectancy were correlated with health behaviors and local area characteristics

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Editorials:
Associations Between Money and Death; Angus Deaton, PhD
Improving Opportunity, Population Health, and Well-being Collectively; Steven H. Woolf, MD, MPH; Jason Q. Purnell, PhD, MPH
Income, Longevity, and Community Health; J. Michael McGinnis, MD, MPP