Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly
April 2016; 45 (2)
http://nvs.sagepub.com/content/current

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Articles
Tip of the Iceberg: The Nonprofit Underpinnings of For-Profit Social Enterprise
Curtis Child
Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly April 2016 45: 217-237, first published on March 8, 2015 doi:10.1177/0899764015572901
Abstract
Market-based solutions to social and environmental problems in the form of for-profit social enterprise ventures have attracted considerable attention in recent years. According to popular discourse, the reason for their appeal is that they are not dependent on government grants or charitable support and are therefore more efficient and sustainable than existing alternatives. Using data collected from two social enterprise industries, this article challenges that discourse. It concludes that even though the recent focus on market-based ventures crowds out the importance of philanthropic ones, social enterprises rely substantially on civil society to accomplish their prosocial missions. By shifting attention away from the nonprofit–government relationship and toward the nonprofit–business one, these findings have implications for theorizing in nonprofit studies.

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High-Stakes Volunteer Commitment – A Qualitative Analysis
Lacy G. McNamee1, Brittany L. Peterson2
1Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
2Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
Abstract
This study examines the social network ties, motivations, and experiences of high-stakes volunteers (HSVs): individuals who fulfill long-term, consistent, and intense time commitments providing medical, social, and/or psychological assistance. Interview, focus group, and observational data from three settings (volunteer firefighting, victims’ services/advocacy, outreach for at-risk youth) were analyzed using qualitative methods. Accordingly, five types of HSVs (stable lifer, imbalanced lifer, conventionalist, professional, crusader) are presented and discussed. These findings advance theoretical insight into the variety of individuals who take on HSV roles and contribute to growing scholarship on diversified approaches to volunteer management.

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Managed Morality – The Rise of Professional Codes of Conduct in the U.S. Nonprofit Sector
Patricia Bromley1, Charlene D. Orchard1
1University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
Abstract
Calls for accountability in the nonprofit sector have never been stronger, and the rise of various forms of self-regulation represents a profound shift for nonprofits. Existing studies tend to focus on effective design and implementation of accountability policies, with an eye toward improving nonprofit efficiency and reducing instances of misconduct. Against this backdrop, we draw on sociological institutionalism to theorize an alternative view of one form of self-regulation, formal codes of conduct or ethical codes. In this view, formal policies, such as codes, are assumed to be adopted as a response to pressures in an organization’s institutional environment, beyond their purported instrumental value. Using a quantitative analysis of code adoption by 24 of 45 state nonprofit associations over the period 1994 to 2011, we provide evidence that codes arise due to general environmental conditions, particularly related to the influences of neoliberalism and professionalization, net of the functional demands of any particular context.

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A Cross-Cultural Study of Explicit and Implicit Motivation for Long-Term Volunteering
Arzu Aydinli1,2 Michael Bender1, Athanasios Chasiotis1, Fons J. R. van de Vijver1,3,4, Zeynep Cemalcilar2, Alice Chong5, Xiaodong Yue5
1Tilburg University, The Netherlands
2Koç University, İstanbul, Turkey
3North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
4University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
5City University of Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
Abstract
We propose a model of volunteering and test its validity across four cultural groups. We hypothesize that individuals’ explicit prosocial motivation relates positively to sustained volunteering, which is conceptualized as a latent factor comprising activity as a volunteer, service length, service frequency, and hours of volunteering. Moreover, we introduced implicit prosocial motivation and hypothesized that the relationship between explicit prosocial motivation and sustained volunteering would be amplified by implicit prosocial motivation. Data were collected from samples in China, Germany, Turkey, and the United States. Results confirmed our expectation that, across cultures, sustained volunteering was associated with explicit prosocial motivation and that the relationship between explicit prosocial motivation and sustained volunteering was strongest when implicit prosocial motivation was also high. By including implicit prosocial motivation, our study offers a novel approach to identifying sustained volunteer involvement, which can be of particular relevance for recruitment activities of voluntary organizations across various cultural contexts.