MSF/Médecins Sans Frontières [to 17 October 2015]
http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news-stories/press/press-releases

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MSF Launches Petition Drive for Afghanistan Attack Investigation
October 15, 2015
U.S. Urged to Consent to International Inquiry Into Devastating Airstrikes on MSF Hospital in Kunduz
NEW YORK — The international medical humanitarian organization Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) today launched a petition urging citizens to call on President Obama and the United States to consent to an independent investigation into the bombing of MSF’s trauma hospital in Kunduz, Afghanistan, on October 3.

Press release
CAR: Thousands Flee Renewed Violence in Bangui
October 14, 2015
PARIS/BANGUI, CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC (CAR) — On Sept. 26, violence broke out yet again in Bangui, capital of Central African Republic, forcing about 40,000 people to flee their neighborhoods to seek shelter and protection at sites including Mpoko camp near the city’s airport.

MSF Statement on October 15 Incident at Kunduz Hospital
October 16, 2015
Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) confirms that an armored vehicle forced its way through the closed main gate of its hospital in Kunduz, Afghanistan yesterday, October 15, at 1:30 p.m. local time. The unannounced and forced entry damaged the gate to the property, potentially destroyed evidence, and caused stress and fear for the MSF team that had arrived earlier in the day to visit the hospital. Only after the armored vehicle forced its way into our compound was MSF informed that the intrusion was conducted by a delegation from the US/NATO/Afghan investigation team.

Field news
Nigeria: A New MSF Emergency Project in Maiduguri
October 13, 2015
Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) has been working at Umaru Shehu Hospital in Maiduguri, the capital of Nigeria’s Borno State, since September 28. The hospital, which treats patients referred from smaller health facilities, also provides care to people wounded during attacks.
At the hospital, an MSF doctor and nurse provide support and relief to Ministry of Health teams working night and day in the 11-bed emergency room. Between September 28 and October 3, 134 patients were admitted to the department for emergency medical and surgical care.

Field news
Access to Affordable Generic Medicines for World’s Poorest Countries Under Threat
October 13, 2015
The United States, Australia, and Canada are trying to weaken trade rules that exempt least-developed countries (LDCs) from having to implement patents on medicines and vaccines. This exemption, which allows the least developed countries in the world to freely import affordable generic medicines and also to produce medicines locally, expires next year.
Bangladesh, on behalf of all LDCs, has asked for an exemption to be granted for as long as LDCs are classified as such. Starting October 15, World Trade Organization member states will consider this request.

Mercy Corps [to 17 October 2015]
http://www.mercycorps.org/press-room/releases

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Refugee Crisis in Europe: Choose Engagement over Isolation, says Mercy Corps
Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, Syria, October 15, 2015
Arrival of Young Refugees is an Opportunity for Europe
Young refugees will continue to risk their lives to come to Europe until they are offered genuine alternatives for their future, says a new survey by the global organization Mercy Corps. The report shines a light on the importance of establishing policies that help refugees build happier, more productive lives and minimize the risk of isolation and conflict.

“While the refugee crisis poses an immense challenge for Europe, it is imperative that our policies are not driven by fear or ignorance, which can lead communities and politicians to focus on keeping refugees out or marginalizing them,” says Simon O’Connell, Executive Director, Mercy Corps Europe.

From 21 focus-group discussions with more than 100 refugees, Mercy Corps found that young people seeking safety in Europe are hopeful, positive and eager to contribute to their future host countries – and equally determined that they will not stay in war-torn countries or impoverished refugee camps…

OXFAM [to 17 October 2015]
http://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases

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Oxfam welcomes European Parliament position towards COP21 Climate Summit
15 October 2015
Yesterday’s vote on the European Parliament’s position vis-à-vis the COP21 was welcomed by Oxfam for highlighting the importance of climate finance for developing countries.

“Male-dominated” governments paying lip service to landmark UN resolution on women’s role in peace processes
13 October 2015
A landmark United Nations resolution that 15 years ago promised to bolster the rights of women in peace efforts has brought some welcome progress – but far too little to be judged a success overall.

Plan International [to 17 October 2015]
http://plan-international.org/about-plan/resources/media-centre

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Celebrating Day of the Girl 2015
13 October 2015
A global movement to ensure all girls realise their rights has taken root, said Plan International’s CEO at celebrations across the world to mark the International Day of the Girl on 11 October.
This year’s IDG theme, ‘The power of the adolescent girl: vision for 2030’, highlighted the adoption of the sustainable development goals (SDGs), which make an historic commitment to address the pressing issues facing girls.
A week of activities culminated in an event at UNICEF in New York, where many civil society organisations came together to showcase the power of girls…

Women for Women International [to 17 October 2015]
http://www.womenforwomen.org/press-releases

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How to Celebrate International Day of the Girl in 5 Powerful and Feminist Ways
October 12, 2015 | Bustle
On International Day of the Girl, Women for Women International will be sharing inspiring stories of women around the world who are creating a better future for their daughters.

Global Fund [to 17 October 2015]
http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/news/

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News
Global Fund Hails Swaziland Partnership at Grant Signing
14 October 2015
MBABANE, Swaziland – Swaziland and the Global Fund deepened their partnership with the signing of three grants totaling more than US$66 million, to expand prevention and treatment for HIV and tuberculosis.

The financial resources provided through the Global Fund come from many sources and partners, represented at the signing ceremony today by the United States and the European Union, as well as technical partners from UNAIDS and WHO.

The new grants will go to government and civil society implementers selected through a vibrant country dialogue. The HIV grants will support treatment for people living with HIV as well prevention of new infections among key populations and vulnerable groups, including young women and girls.

The TB grant will accelerate the response toward TB/HIV co-infection and concentrate on treatment and prevention of key populations affected by tuberculosis. Swaziland is a high disease-burden country, with 26 percent HIV prevalence – one of the highest in the world, as well as a high TB burden…

Start Network [to 17 October 2015]
http://www.start-network.org/news-blog/#.U9U_O7FR98E
[Consortium of British Humanitarian Agencies]

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Crisis update: Internally displaced people and ongoing conflict in Afghanistan
October 16, 2015
Posted by Helen James in News.
On Monday 12 October, the Start Fund was alerted by Concern, Save the Children, Islamic Relief, Handicap International, Action Aid and Care to the surge in violence and resulting displacement of people in Northeast Afghanistan. Hostilities began in the region on 28 September with attacks by the Taliban in Kunduz city and later in Maimana.

Afghan forces have reportedly now regained control of most of Kunduz, but fighting continues in and around the city. Following the bombing of Kunduz hospital, run by MSF, US forces on 3 October, health services in the region are very limited. No other humanitarian organisations are operating in Kunduz city.

As a result of the ongoing conflict, approximately 16,000 families are displaced in Kunduz, Takhar, Balkh, Baghlan and Badakhsan provinces and in Kabul, and are in need of immediate assistance.

72 hours after being alerted the Start Fund’s project selection committee, which met in Kabul (with some participants joining virtually), awarded £440,000 to Christian Aid, Concern, Handicap International and Save the Children. Christian Aid and Handicap International will respond in Kunduz city reaching 4,200 and 1,500 beneficiaries respectively. Concern will respond in Takhar province reaching 6,372 beneficiaries. Save the Children will respond in Takhar province, Balkh province and Kunduz city reaching 5,055 beneficiaries.

CHS International Alliance [to 17 October 2015]
http://chsalliance.org/news-events/news

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The CHS Alliance and the On the road to Istanbul report launched in Geneva
12/10/2015
The CHS Alliance as well as the On the road to Istanbul report – the Humanitarian Accountability report 2015 – were launched in Geneva last Friday, 9 October 2015, with over 60 participants from the humanitarian and development sector.

After opening speeches by the CHS Alliance’s Executive Director Judith Greenwood and the Alliance’s Chair Robert Glasser, a panel discussion was led by David Loquercio, the Head of Policy, Advocacy and Learning at the Alliance, with a focus on the humanitarian principles and collective accountability – two themes of the On the road to Istanbul report.

The panelists were:
:: Angharad Laing from Professionals in Humanitarian Assistance and Protection (PHAP)
:: Ingrid MacDonald from the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC)
:: Loretta Hieber-Girardet from the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
:: Alyoscia D’Onofrio from the International Rescue Committee (IRC)

During the panel discussion, Angharad (PHAP) and Ingrid (NRC) both underlined that the humanitarian principles and humanitarian access were inextricably linked, with access being a precondition for high-quality and accountable assistance as well as essential for building trust and ensuring proximity to the affected population. Applying the principles therefore allowed to provide aid where it’s needed, rather than just where humanitarian organisations are based…

EHLRA/R2HC [to 17 October 2015]
http://www.elrha.org/resource-hub/news/

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Ebola treatment beds prevented thousands of new cases and deaths
Published on 13/10/2015
R2HC-funded research by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, highlights the need for – and power of – research conducted during a humanitarian crisis.

In December 2013 the world’s largest epidemic of the Ebola virus broke out, affecting thousands of people in West Africa. New research by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine suggests that 57,000 Ebola cases were prevented up to February 2015 due to the introduction of treatment beds and estimate that 40,000 lives were saved in Sierra Leone.

This research, funded by ELRHA’s Research for Health in Humanitarian Crises (R2HC) programme, focused on the impact of beds due to limited available data on other control measures in some districts of Sierra Leone. The new research, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, estimates – through mathematical modelling – that the introduction of treatment beds just one month earlier could have prevented an additional 12,5000 Ebola cases and almost halved the outbreak…

Global Humanitarian Assistance (GHA) [to 17 October 2015]
http://www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org/

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Afghanistan, Kunduz
Report Synopsis
Date: 2015/10/13
On 13 October 2015 we responded to a funding alert in response to displacement and ongoing conflict in North East Afghanistan (Kunduz, Takhar, Balkh, Baghlan and Badakhsan provinces) and Kabul.

As a consequence of the crisis, approximately 13,000 families in the North East and 2,800 families in Kabul are believed to have been displaced.

According to UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs’ Financial Tracking Service, donors have committed or contributed US$281 million of humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan so far in 2015. The United States is the largest donor, having contributed US$93 million so far, more than 33% of total funding to date this year.

Read our full analysis of the current funding situation

ODI [to 17 October 2015]
http://www.odi.org/media

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International equity surge into sub-Saharan Africa set to continue – new report
News | 13 October 2015
The rapid growth in international private equity in the region is set to continue – but governments need stronger policies to manage the risks of financial instability.

Building resilience in Nepal through public-private partnerships
Research reports and studies | October 2015 | Barnaby Willitts-King et al.
This report from the WEF Global Agenda Council on Risk and Resilience explores how public-private partnerships helped – and can help – improve resilience in Nepal and other contexts.

Progress under scrutiny: poverty reduction in Pakistan
Research reports and studies | October 2015 | Amina Khan, Arif Naveed, Emma Samman, Moizza Binat Sarwar and Chris Hoy
According to official data, consumption-based poverty in Pakistan fell sharply between 1990 and 2010. However, these figures are the subject of debate and this report discusses the implications of the high levels of contestation over official poverty data and what is…

Sharing the fruits of progress: poverty reduction in Ecuador
Research reports and studies | October 2015 | Andrea Ordóñez, Emma Samman, Chiara Mariotti and Iván Marcelo Borja Borja
In Ecuador, extreme poverty has fallen from 20% in 2000 to just 4% today and the country’s income inequality is falling at twice the regional average. Our new case study looks at the drivers behind such impressive progress in tackling extreme poverty.

Pathways to earthquake resilience in China
Working and discussion papers | October 2015 | John Young; Cui Ke; Lena Dominelli, Timothy Sim, William Weizhong Chen, Ning Li, Ling Zhang, Zhao Bin, Yunxi Yang, Brian Tucker, Tony Zhang Jun, Patrick Zhang Jun
This report brings together the voices of different groups working to build China’s resilience to earthquakes – with a focus on rural communities in Shaanxi Province.

Good Practice Review on disaster risk reduction
Research reports and studies | October 2015 | John Twigg
Disasters happen all the time. We can’t always prevent them from happening, but disaster risk reduction efforts can limit the scale of devastation.

10 international development priorities for the UK: parliamentary briefing
Briefing papers | October 2015
This briefing identifies 10 areas that need to be a priority for the UK government.

Creating a paradigm shift: statement for the World Humanitarian Summit Global Consultation
Briefing papers | October 2015
In the lead up to the Global Consultation for the World Humanitarian Summit, this statement outlines the need for a paradigm shift in the humanitarian system.

Gender and resilience
Research reports and studies | October 2015 | Emily Wilkinson, Virginie Le Masson and Andrew Norton
This paper reviews different approaches to incorporating gender equality objectives into climate resilience projects using a sample of project proposals from the BRACED programme.

Shaping economic transformation in Tanzania
Working and discussion papers | October 2015 | Dirk Willem te Velde, Sam Wangwe, Steve Wiggins, Benno Ndulu, Alison Brown, Peter Mackie, Alastair Smith, Colman Msoka, Emmanuel Mung’ong’o, Julius Gatune
DEGRP policy essays exploring the challenges of and potential solutions for economic transformation and ongoing economic growth in Tanzania.

Fiscal redistribution in developing countries: policy issues and options
Books or book chapters | October 2015 | Francesca Bastagli, David Coady and Sanjeev Gupta
Francesca Bastagli, David Coady and Sanjeev Gupta look at fiscal redistribution in developing countries in the International Monetary Fund’s book, Inequality and Fiscal Policy.

The Sphere Project [to 17 October 2015]
http://www.sphereproject.org/news/

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How humanitarian standards make a difference in the refugee crisis
13 October 2015 | Sphere Project
From Gaziantep in Turkey to Calais in France to several German cities, humanitarian standards are taking centre stage in the response to an unprecedented crisis… with no end in sight …
..OCHA Turkey recognises the need to train humanitarian staff to work with the Sphere Handbook. Thus the agency – in collaboration with CARE, Save the Children and the Sphere office – organised an experts workshop to customise the Sphere training package to the Syrian context.

The workshop took place in Gaziantep, some 40 km north of the Syrian border in late July. Integrating field examples from Syria, it demonstrated the applicability of Sphere standards and indicators to the Syrian humanitarian response while highlighting potential challenges linked to the specifics of the crisis.

The workshop outlined an action plan for the dissemination of Sphere standards through customised Sphere training activities in Arabic. These activities will target staff of international and national NGOs working in the Syrian response, be it inside Syria or across the border in Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq.

A three-day training activity took place already in July; two more, as well as a training of trainers course, are planned for the end of 2015. A Sphere reference group in Turkey is being set up and will work closely with the Sphere country focal points…

Download the workshop report Customisation of Sphere training modules to the Syrian context.

Conrad N. Hilton Foundation [to 17 October 2015]
http://www.hiltonfoundation.org/news

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Press Release
Conrad N. Hilton Foundation Announces Recipient of World’s Largest Humanitarian Prize
(New York) Oct. 14, 2015 – The Conrad N. Hilton Foundation announced that its distinguished panel of independent international jurors has selected Landesa, a Seattle-based land rights organization, as the recipient of the largest humanitarian prize in the world – the Hilton Humanitarian Prize. As the 2015 Hilton Humanitarian Prize recipient, Landesa will receive $2 million in unrestricted funding and join the Hilton Prize Coalition, which was established in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Hilton Prize and is comprised of all 20 Hilton Prize Laureate organizations.

“Landesa’s vision is a world free of extreme poverty—a vision made possible by securing land rights for some of the most vulnerable and disadvantaged people throughout the world,” said Conrad N. Hilton Foundation President and CEO Steven Hilton. “We are proud to recognize Landesa for its dedication to lifting individuals, their families, and entire communities out of poverty, and we know that the organization will put the Hilton Prize to good use.” …

MacArthur Foundation [to 17 October 2015]
http://www.macfound.org/

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Publication
Assessing Justice Reform Progress in Mexico
Published October 14, 2015
Despite obstacles to the implementation of sweeping judicial reform in Mexico, significant progress has been made and is likely to continue, according to a report from the University of San Diego’s Justice in Mexico initiative. The MacArthur-supported report provides a deep analysis of the current process of judicial reform in Mexico, the impacts of reform on the federal and state level, and past, present, and future challenges to implementation efforts.

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Press release
MacArthur Spins Off Digital Media & Learning Work with $25 Million Seed Investment
Published October 6, 2015
MacArthur today announced the launch of Collective Shift, a new nonprofit whose mission is to redesign social systems for the connected age. With $25 million in seed funding, Collective Shift’s first project is LRNG, which is creating a 21st century ecosystem of learning that combines in-school, out-of-school, work-based, and online learning opportunities that are visible and accessible to all.

With LRNG, Collective Shift builds on more than $200 million in research, design experiments, and demonstrations that MacArthur supported over the past decade. The goal of that work was to understand how young people are learning with digital media and what the implications are for how learning is designed and supported to ensure more equitable access to opportunity for success…

Open Society Foundation [to 17 October 2015]
http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/termsearch/8175/listing?f[0]=type%3Anews

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European Commission Must Ensure EU Investments Do Not Segregate People with Disabilities
October 13, 2015 News
BUDAPEST—A new report by the Open Society Foundations details the role of the European Commission in ensuring that member states do not spend EU structural funds to confine people with disabilities to long-stay institutions.

“Laws and procedures around structural funds may be complicated, but the reality is simple,” said Judith Klein, director of the Mental Health Initiative of the Open Society Foundations. “These investments must protect the right of every EU citizen to live in the community.”

The report, Community Not Confinement: The Role of the European Union in Promoting and Protecting the Right of People with Disabilities to Live in the Community, warns that although member states have agreed to move away from institutional care, some continue to invest in scaled-down facilities rather than supportive community living. This violates the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)…

David and Lucile Packard Foundation [to 17 October 2015]
http://www.packard.org/news/

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Educare California at Silicon Valley Opens its Doors
October 16, 2015
Educare California at Silicon Valley celebrated a new era of early learning opportunities for children in California during the new school’s ribbon-cutting ceremony held today.

Students, parents, community members, partner organizations and early education champions at the local, state and national levels noted the innovative new school’s impact on the community’s youngest learners and their families — and on the broader educational landscape for California.

Educare California at Silicon Valley currently serves 168 children ages 0 to 5 (with a future capacity to serve over 200) and their families in a model early learning school. It houses high-quality early learning classrooms, a family resource center, a satellite children’s museum, a career academy for high school students, and a professional development institute that will help reach thousands more children in the region…

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2015 Packard Fellowships in Science and Engineering Awarded to Eighteen Researchers
October 15, 2015
Today, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation named 18 of the nation’s most innovative early-career scientists and engineers as recipients of the 2015 Packard Fellowships for Science and Engineering. Each Fellow will receive a grant of $875,000 over five years to pursue their research.

“The Packard Fellowships give some of the most talented, early-career scientists and engineers the flexibility to experiment, take risks and explore new ideas that they otherwise may not have the resources to do,” said Dr. Frances Arnold, Dickinson Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry and Director of the Donna and Benjamin M. Rosen Bioengineering Center at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), and Chair of the Packard Fellowships Advisory Panel. “This type of investment in the nation’s best and brightest was something that David Packard believed would help to accelerate scientific breakthrough and in turn, provide many benefits to our society.”…

Pew Charitable Trusts [to 17 October 2015]
http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/about/news-room/press-releases

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Opinion
How China Could Change the Future of Antarctica’s Southern Ocean
October 16, 2015
Antarctica may be one of the coldest and harshest places on Earth, but it is teeming with life. This is especially true in the Southern Ocean, where penguins, whales, leopard seals, toothfish, and a plethora of other marine life have thrived, largely undisturbed by humans—due to both the region’s remote location and the existence of multinational agreements that limit fishing.

But this unique environment now faces a triple threat: industrial fishing, climate change, and an effort to undermine the protections originally agreed to by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) a consensus-based fisheries management organization established in 1982.

While no single country can unilaterally determine the fate of the Southern Ocean, one nation—China—can play a major role in helping to safeguard this stunningly beautiful region…

BMC Health Services Research
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmchealthservres/content
(Accessed 17 October 2015)

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Research article
A survey of Ethiopian physicians’ experiences of bedside rationing: extensive resource scarcity, tough decisions and adverse consequences
Frehiwot Defaye, Dawit Desalegn, Marion Danis, Samia Hurst, Yemane Berhane, Ole Norheim, Ingrid Miljeteig BMC Health Services Research 2015, 15:467 (14 October 2015)
Abstract
Background
Resource scarcity in health care is a universal challenge. In high-income settings, bedside rationing is commonly discussed and debated as a means to addressing scarcity. However, little is known about physicians’ experiences in resource-limited contexts in low- income countries. Here we describe physicians’ experiences regarding scarcity of resources, bedside rationing, use of various strategies to save resources, and perceptions of the consequences of rationing in Ethiopia.
Methods
A national survey was conducted amongst physicians from 49 public hospitals using stratified, multi-stage sampling in six regions. All physicians in the selected hospitals were invited to respond to a self-administered questionnaire. Data were weighted and analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Results
In total, 587 physicians responded (91 % response rate). The majority had experienced system-wide shortages of various types of medical services. The services most frequently reported to be in short supply, either daily or weekly, were access to surgery, specialist and intensive care units, drug prescriptions and admission to hospital (52, 49, 46, 47 and 46 % respectively). The most common rationing strategies used daily or weekly were limiting laboratory tests, hospital drugs, radiological investigations and providing second best treatment (47, 47, 47 and 39 % respectively). Availability of institutional or national guidelines for whom to see and treat first was lacking. Almost all respondents had witnessed different adverse consequences of resource scarcity; 54 % reported seeing patients who, in their estimation, had died due to resource scarcity. Almost 9 out of 10 physicians were so troubled by limited resources that they often regretted their choice of profession.
Conclusion
This study provides the first glimpses of the untold story of resource shortage and bedside rationing in Ethiopia. Physicians encounter numerous dilemmas due to resource scarcity, and they report they lack adequate guidance for how to handle them. The consequences for patients and the professionals are substantial.

BMC Medical Ethics
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcmedethics/content
(Accessed 17 October 2015)

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Debate
The importance of values in evidence-based medicine
Michael Kelly, Iona Heath, Jeremy Howick, Trisha Greenhalgh BMC Medical Ethics 2015, 16:69 (12 October 2015)
Abstract
Background
Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has always required integration of patient values with ‘best’ clinical evidence. It is widely recognized that scientific practices and discoveries, including those of EBM, are value-laden. But to date, the science of EBM has focused primarily on methods for reducing bias in the evidence, while the role of values in the different aspects of the EBM process has been almost completely ignored.
Discussion
In this paper, we address this gap by demonstrating how a consideration of values can enhance every aspect of EBM, including: prioritizing which tests and treatments to investigate, selecting research designs and methods, assessing effectiveness and efficiency, supporting patient choice and taking account of the limited time and resources available to busy clinicians. Since values are integral to the practice of EBM, it follows that the highest standards of EBM require values to be made explicit, systematically explored, and integrated into decision making.
Summary
Through ‘values based’ approaches, EBM’s connection to the humanitarian principles upon which it was founded will be strengthened.

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcpregnancychildbirth/content
(Accessed 17 October 2015)

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Research article
Longitudinal adherence to antiretroviral drugs for preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Zambia
Sumiyo Okawa, Mable Chirwa, Naoko Ishikawa, Henry Kapyata, Charles Msiska, Gardner Syakantu, Shinsuke Miyano, Kenichi Komada, Masamine Jimba, Junko Yasuoka BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2015, 15:258 (12 October 2015)

Research article
A case series study on the effect of Ebola on facility-based deliveries in rural Liberia
Jody Lori, Sarah Rominski, Joseph Perosky, Michelle Munro, Garfee Williams, Sue Bell, Aloysius Nyanplu, Patricia Amarah, Carol Boyd BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2015, 15:254 (12 October 2015)