Start Network [to 18 April 2015]

Start Network [to 18 April 2015]
http://www.start-network.org/news-blog/#.U9U_O7FR98E
[Consortium of British Humanitarian Agencies]

Start Fund provides £219,986 for people displaced by violence in Nigeria
April 14, 2015
Posted by Tegan Rogers in News.
The Start Fund will support ActionAid and Christian Aid to provide assistance to internally displaced people (IDPs) in Nigeria. The alert was raised on Tuesday and funding was transferred within 72 hours to the implementing agencies to begin their response on Friday. This is the second Start Fund activation for Nigeria, following a £65,000 disbursement in October 2014 for a cholera outbreak.

There are currently 1.2 million IDPs in Nigeria, according to the briefing note produced by ACAPS in response to the alert. The majority of these people were forced to flee their homes as a result of attacks from Boko Haram, and the violence resulting from the Nigerian military response….

However, the limited resources of the local communities are already overstretched. The briefing note provided by Development Initiatives described how there is a limited presence of humanitarian actors in the North East, “due not only to insecurity but also to a lack of donor funding.”…

MacArthur Foundation [to 18 April 2015]

MacArthur Foundation [to 18 April 2015]
http://www.macfound.org/

Publication
Assessing Human Rights Compliance in Mexico
Published April 17, 2015
A report from the Citizen Observatory of Justice reviews compliance with human rights protections under Mexico’s new justice system. The Observatory, which is comprised of MacArthur grantees Comisión Mexicana de Defensa y Promoción de los Derechos Humanos, Instituto de Justicia Procesal Penal, and Asilegal, a recipient of the MacArthur Award for Creative and Effective Institutions, identifies and encourages reforms that will foster a more complete transition to the new system, including higher standards for pretrial detention and the elimination of pretrial detention in situations where charges have not been pressed.

Open Society Foundation [to 18 April 2015]

Open Society Foundation [to 18 April 2015]
http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/termsearch/8175/listing?f[0]=type%3Anews

Human Rights Committee Faults Kyrgyzstan for Death in Custody
April 15, 2015 News
The ruling against Kyrgyzstan from the UN Human Rights Committee underlines the obligation to protect prisoners from violence, including violence from other prisoners.

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New Report Details Civilian Harm from U.S. Drone Strikes in Yemen
April 13, 2015 News
A new report from the Open Society Justice Initiative details nine cases in which civilians, including children, were killed or injured by drone attacks between May, 2012 and April, 2014.

The Rockefeller Foundation Launches ‘Smart Power for Rural Development’ Initiative

Rockefeller Foundation [to 18 April 2015]
http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/newsroom

The Rockefeller Foundation Launches ‘Smart Power for Rural Development’ Initiative
[Undated announcement]
NEW DELHI—The Rockefeller Foundation today launched ‘Smart Power for Rural Development,’ an initiative that aims to bring electricity to 1,000 villages over the coming three years, providing power to 1 million Indians in the states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. To achieve this ambitious goal, The Rockefeller Foundation is funding the creation of a new organization—”Smart Power India”—responsible for expanding the Smart Power model which uses mini-grid technology for both lighting and productive use. Headquartered in New Delhi, and led by CEO Jaideep Mukherji, Smart Power India aims to promote economic development in rural areas by providing access to reliable energy from green sources…

Skoll Foundation Announces 2015 Skoll Awards for Social Entrepreneurship, Joint UN Foundation Grants

Skoll Foundation [to 18 April 2015]
http://www.skollfoundation.org/latest-news/

Skoll Foundation and UN Foundation Grants Fuel Partnerships between Social Entrepreneurs and UN Agencies
April 17, 2015 by Skoll Foundation and UN Foundation
[see more extensive treatment in Week in Review above]

Skoll Foundation Announces 2015 Skoll Awards for Social Entrepreneurship
April 12, 2015 by Skoll Foundation

Pregnant migrant and refugee women’s perceptions of mental illness on the Thai-Myanmar border: a qualitative study

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcpregnancychildbirth/content
(Accessed 18 April 2015)

Research article
Pregnant migrant and refugee women’s perceptions of mental illness on the Thai-Myanmar border: a qualitative study
Gracia Fellmeth, Emma Plugge, Moo Paw, Prakaykaew Charunwatthana, François Nosten, Rose Mc Gready BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2015, 15:93 (15 April 2015)
Abstract
Background
Mental illness is a significant contributor to the global burden of disease, with prevalence highest in low- and middle-income countries. Rates are high in women of childbearing age, especially during pregnancy and the first year post-partum. Migrant and refugee populations are at risk of developing mental illness due to the multiple stresses associated with migration. The Thai-Myanmar border area is home to large populations of migrants and refugees as a result of long-standing conflict, poverty and unemployment in Myanmar. This study aims to explore perceptions of mental illness among pregnant migrants and refugees and antenatal clinic staff living and working along the Thai-Myanmar border.
Methods
Thirteen focus group discussions were conducted with pregnant migrants, pregnant refugees and antenatal clinic staff. Focus groups were held in one large refugee camp and two migrant health clinics along the Thai-Myanmar border. Thematic analysis was used to identify and code themes emerging from the data.
Results
A total of 92 pregnant women and 24 antenatal clinic staff participated. Discussions centered around five main themes: symptoms of mental illness; causes of mental illness; suicide; mental illness during pregnancy and the post-partum period; and managing mental illness. Symptoms of mental illness included emotional disturbances, somatic symptoms and socially inappropriate behavior. The main causes were described as current economic and family-related difficulties. Suicide was frequently attributed to shame. Mental illness was thought to be more common during and following pregnancy due to a lack of family support and worries about the future. Talking to family and friends, medication and hospitalization were suggested as means of helping those suffering from mental illness.
Conclusions
Mental illness was recognized as a concept by the majority of participants and there was a general willingness to discuss various aspects of it. More formal and systematic training including the development of assessment tools in the local languages would enable better ascertainment and treatment of mental illness in this population.

Development in Practice – Volume 25, Issue 3, 2015

Development in Practice
Volume 25, Issue 3, 2015
http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/cdip20/current

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A cooperative Peru: Is centralisation of cooperatives better for local development?
Małgorzata Kurjańska
pages 306-320
DOI:10.1080/09614524.2015.1018139
Published online: 14 Apr 2015
Abstract
Research shows that some agricultural cooperatives implement development projects in their local communities. What remains to be explained is why certain cooperatives pursue local development while others do not. Through a comparison of coffee cooperatives in two regions of Peru, this study examines the implications of a regional cooperative for local development. The creation of a regional cooperative leads to a concentration of resources and a decrease in the need and ability of local cooperatives to pursue independent development projects. At the same time, it allows for more equal access to those resources and to the benefits of cooperative-led development projects.

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Time, labour, and the household: measuring “time poverty” through a gender lens
Lisa Ringhofer
pages 321-332
DOI:10.1080/09614524.2015.1016867
Published online: 14 Apr 201
Abstract
This article applies functional time use (FTU) analysis towards understanding inequalities in developing countries and the relevant relationships among the use of time, gendered divisions of labour, and the household economy. In so doing, it proposes one way of approaching the development concept of “time poverty”. The findings from an empirical study of an indigenous village in the Bolivian Amazon illustrate a heavier overall labour burden of the female population across all age groups. The paper also argues for FTU analysis as an analytic tool for gender-sensitive analysis with a potential to inform the work of development practitioners.

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Impact of microcredit on income, poverty, and economic vulnerability in Peninsular Malaysia
Abdullah Al-Mamun & Mohammad Nurul Huda Mazumder
pages 333-346
DOI:10.1080/09614524.2015.1019339
Published online: 14 Apr 2015
Abstract
This article examines the effect of Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia’s (AIM) microcredit programme on low-income households’ income, poverty rate, and vulnerability in Peninsular Malaysia. This study employed a quasi-experimental approach, cross-sectional design, and stratified random sampling method. Findings indicated that participation in AIM’s microcredit programme leads to an increase in household income and reduces both the poverty rate and level of economic vulnerability. AIM and policymakers, therefore, should focus on promoting a supportive environment to improve cooperation among participants by designing a dynamic and well-diversified microfinance programme and specialised skills-building training programme.

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Livelihood recovery after disaster
Erin P. Joakim & Susan K. Wismer
pages 401-418
DOI:10.1080/09614524.2015.1020764
Published online: 14 Apr 2015
Abstract
A lack of monitoring and evaluation on the outcomes of livelihood recovery programming has typified many post-disaster recovery initiatives. This article uses a case study of the 2006 Yogyakarta, Indonesia earthquake to analyse longer-term impacts of livelihood programming after disaster. The article includes an overview of the programming implemented in five case study villages and the perspectives of impacted populations on the livelihood interventions. Results indicate the importance of longer-term programming, early interventions, local leadership, and an integrative strategy focusing on replacing assets, providing capital and credit to jumpstart entrepreneurial activities, capacity and skills building, and developing markets and networks.

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Gender equality needs critical consideration in conflict-affected settings
Esther Richards, Valerie Percival, Sarah Ssali & Sally Theobald
pages 433-441
DOI:10.1080/09614524.2015.1016480
Published online: 14 Apr 2015
Abstract
The World Bank’s 2012 World Development Report calls for gender equality on a global level but falls short on its analysis of conflict-affected contexts. It is critical that we understand the needs of vulnerable populations in these settings. This viewpoint draws on findings from research in health reform in conflict-affected contexts to highlight some opportunities and challenges for addressing gender equality in these settings, using the policy priorities outlined in the World Bank report. Drawing on this analysis we argue that more attention and action should be focused on addressing gender inequalities and inequities in neglected conflict-affected states.

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness – Volume 9 – Issue 02 – April 2015

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness
Volume 9 – Issue 02 – April 2015
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=DMP&tab=currentissue

Brief Report
Legal Protections to Promote Response Willingness Among the Local Public Health Workforce
Lainie Rutkowa1 c1, Jon S. Vernicka1, Carol B. Thompsona2, Rachael Piltch-Loeba1 and Daniel J. Barnetta3
a1 Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
a2 Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
a3 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
Abstract
Objective
The legal environment may improve response willingness among local health department (LHD) workers. We examined whether 3 hypothetical legal protections influence LHD workers’ self-reported response willingness for 4 emergency scenarios and whether specific demographic factors are associated with LHD workers’ response willingness given these legal protections.
Methods
Our 2011–2012 survey included questions on demographics and about attitudes and beliefs regarding LHD workers’ willingness to respond to 4 emergency scenarios given specific legal protections (i.e., ensuring priority health care for workers’ families, granting workers access to mental health services, and guaranteeing access to personal protective equipment). Data were collected from 1238 LHD workers in 3 states.
Results
Across scenarios, between 60% and 83% of LHD workers agreed that they would be more willing to respond given the presence of 1 of the 3 hypothetical legal protections. Among the 3 legal protections, a guarantee of personal protective equipment elicited the greatest agreement with improved response willingness.
Conclusions
Specific legal protections augment a majority of LHD workers’ response willingness. Policymakers must, however, balance improved response willingness with other considerations, such as the ethical implications of prioritizing responders over the general public.

.
Special Section
The Role of Communication in Public Health Preparedness Measures and Response to Pandemics

Policy Analysis
Poxvirus Countermeasures During an Emergency in the United States
Steve Bicea1 c1 and Kevin Yeskeya2
a1 Steve Bice Associates, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia
a2 MDB, Inc, Washington, DC
Abstract
Although smallpox was eradicated worldwide by 1980, national security experts remain concerned that it could be used in a deliberate attack. The United States and other governments have given priority to developing and stockpiling vaccines and antivirals to protect their populations from the potential reintroduction of this deadly disease. Public health officials are also concerned about the spread of related zoonotic orthopoxviruses such as monkeypox and cowpox, against which smallpox vaccine provides protection. This report analyzes how medical countermeasures available in the US Strategic National Stockpile will be given priority and used in the event of an intentional or accidental release of smallpox in the United States. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:121-126)

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Systematic Reviews
Emerging Infectious Disease (EID) Communication During the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Outbreak: Literature Review (2009-2013) of the Methodology Used for EID Communication Analysis
Anat Gesser-Edelsburg, Nathan Stolero, Emilio Mordini, Matthew Billingsley, James J. James and Manfred S. Green

Perceptions and Behavioral Responses of the General Public During the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic: A Systematic Review
Marloes Bults, Desirée J.M.A. Beaujean, Jan Hendrik Richardus and Hélène A.C.M. Voeten

Factors in the Failure of Seemingly Successful Human Service Collaboratives

Human Service Organizations Management, Leadership & Governance
Volume 39, Issue 2, 2015
http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/wasw21/current#.VTLPmJMw1hW

Factors in the Failure of Seemingly Successful Human Service Collaboratives
DOI:10.1080/23303131.2015.1007196
David C. Droppaa* & Catherine Giuntab
pages 125-138
Published online: 31 Mar 2015
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to add to the body of knowledge about the behavior of collaboratives, focusing primarily on describing collaborative failure and identifying variables that appear to be associated with failure. Collaboratives were identified by one or more of their leaders as having begun with the ingredients predictive of success (adequate initial funding, clear goals, and well structured) but which failed. Interviews, both in person and by phone, were conducted with key informants, including leaders of the collaborative and funders, including government and nongovernment organizations. The interviews were conducted based on a standard interview protocol, the reports of which were analyzed to determine what constitutes failure, and factors that these informants believe led to failure. Collaborative failure was found to be a collaborative’s lack of achieving the stated vision, falling short of achieving established goals, or achieving some benefit to the partners but not the vision the collaborative had originally established. Major factors contributing to failure were found to include change (and loss as a cause of change); trust issues; leadership; ongoing funding and budgetary restrictions; and work process flaws. Results offer information and insight for collaborative leaders, funders, and researchers.

Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management – Volume 5 Issue 1 2015

Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management
Volume 5 Issue 1 2015
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/toc/jhlscm/5/1

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Guest editorial: humanitarian logistics – an opportunity for service research
Graham Heaslip (pp. 2 – 11)
Abstract:
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature service operations management (OM) and its application to the field of humanitarian operations.
Design/methodology/approach
– The paper serves as the editorial for this issue of JHLSCM.
Findings
– The paper suggests that there is an opportunity for service OM academics to apply their knowledge and skills to answer fundamental questions in the humanitarian OM field.
Research limitations/implications
– There is a need for a re-conceptualization of the term “humanitarian operations” to include services. Humanitarian OM is not just products but also services.
Originality/value
– The paper contributes to the knowledge and applications of services OM in humanitarian operations research. This is the first work to identify how services OM theories can be adopted for humanitarian OM research. This research should serve as a foundation for future research.

.
Managing airborne relief during international disasters
Michael Morales , Doral Edward Sandlin (pp. 12 – 34)
Type: Case study
Abstract:
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to highlight the need for an entity to manage airborne relief when a nation’s civil aviation authorities are overwhelmed or incapacitated due to a major rapid-onset disaster.
Design/methodology/approach
– The paper examines why relief airflow management was so vital during the 2010 Haiti earthquake and how this management was accomplished. The author uses a case study methodology that includes interviews with logistics and aviation experts within the humanitarian and military communities involved in the Haiti relief effort.
Findings
– The research highlighted an airflow management capability gap within the humanitarian community. The author sets forth several possible alternatives for resolving this gap.
Research limitations/implications
– The research is a single case study of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. While performing a multiple case study may have provided more widely applicable conclusions, this case study provides in-depth information applicable to the worst of disasters, where an airflow management capability is most likely to be needed.
Practical implications
– While host nation civil aviation authorities retain responsibility for airspace/airflow management after a disaster, these can oft be overwhelmed by the volume of airborne relief flooding the area. Without an entity to assist the affected nation with airflow management, smooth logistical flow of relief goods to those in need can be catastrophically impeded.
Originality/value
– Little research exists on disaster relief airflow management or the legitimate need for this capability to be developed within the humanitarian community.

.
The value of fourth-party logistics services in the humanitarian supply chain
Hella Abidi , Sander de Leeuw , Matthias Klumpp (pp. 35 – 60)
Type: Research paper
Abstract:
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to identify the value of fourth-party logistics (4PL) services in a humanitarian supply chain. Furthermore, it shows a framework for a fourth-party humanitarian logistics concept.
Design/methodology/approach
– The research paper presents a framework of fourth-party humanitarian logistics based on the four core components described by Christopher (2005) which was evaluated with a nonlinear approach called analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The AHP method explores qualitative and quantitative decision-making criteria in case of solving multi-attribute and complex problems. In total, seven experts from academia and practice have contributed to this research, resulting in a better understanding of the decisive needs of humanitarian supply chain actors for implementing and integrating a 4PL concept.
Findings
– The research shows an increased value for humanitarian supply chain actors of establishing a 4PL concept. The results present a positive influence of 4PL in complex disasters environments and provide key drivers for increasing and simplifying collaboration between the humanitarian supply chain actors.
Research limitations/implications
– Future research has to consider different disaster types and needs to further emphasize the added value for beneficiaries of implementing a 4PL concept in a humanitarian supply chain environment. Further research should preferably also consider case studies in order to analyse challenges, drawbacks and benefits of this concept (qualitative and quantitative factors) in a real-life humanitarian supply chain setting.
Practical implications
– The research offers managerial insights into the use of a 4PL concept in the humanitarian supply chain environment to improve efficiency due to an improved collaboration between the humanitarian supply chain actors.
Originality/value
– The research paper investigates an under-researched topic in the humanitarian supply chain environment. For humanitarian supply chain actors outsourcing their activities to a 4PL service provider could secure collaboration, increase service levels as well as efficiency and therefore create additional value

Global Development beyond 2015: reflections on the post 2015 debate

Journal of International Development
April 2015 Volume 27, Issue 3 Pages 313–414
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.v27.3/issuetoc

Special Issue: Global Development beyond 2015: reflections on the post 2015 debate
Looking Back to Move Forward: The MDGS and the Road to Post-2015: Introduction to Journal of International Development Special Issue on Reflections on the Post-2015 Debate (pages 313–319)
Meera Tiwari
Article first published online: 5 APR 2015 | DOI: 10.1002/jid.3089
Abstract
This special issue of the Journal of International Development offers a collection of reflective discussions on specific domains that can shape the post-2015 development landscape. Three of the six articles in this issue provide a southern perspective on South Asia, Latin America and Africa. The remaining three engage with framework, domains, data and measurement.

The Lancet – April 18, 2015

The Lancet
Apr 18, 2015 Volume 385 Number 9977 p1477-1590
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/issue/current

Articles
Safety and immunogenicity of Ebola virus and Marburg virus glycoprotein DNA vaccines assessed separately and concomitantly in healthy Ugandan adults: a phase 1b, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Hannah Kibuuka, MMed, Nina M Berkowitz, MPH, Monica Millard, MPH, Mary E Enama, MA, Allan Tindikahwa, MPH, Arthur B Sekiziyivu, MSc, Pamela Costner, BSN, Sandra Sitar, MS, Deline Glover, BS, Zonghui Hu, PhD, Gyan Joshi, MPH, Daphne Stanley, MS, Meghan Kunchai, MPH, Leigh Anne Eller, PhD, Robert T Bailer, PhD, Richard A Koup, MD, Gary J Nabel, MD, John R Mascola, MD, Nancy J Sullivan, PhD, Barney S Graham, MD, Mario Roederer, PhD, Nelson L Michael, MD, Merlin L Robb, MD, Dr Julie E Ledgerwood, DO, the RV 247 Study Team
†Members listed at end of report
Published Online: 22 December 2014
Summary
Background
Ebola virus and Marburg virus cause serious disease outbreaks with high case fatality rates. We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of two investigational DNA vaccines, one (EBO vaccine) encoding Ebola virus Zaire and Sudan glycoproteins and one (MAR) encoding Marburg virus glycoprotein.
Methods
RV 247 was a phase 1b, double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial in Kampala, Uganda to examine the safety and immunogenicity of the EBO and MAR vaccines given individually and concomitantly. Healthy adult volunteers aged 18–50 years were randomly assigned (5:1) to receive three injections of vaccine or placebo at weeks 0, 4, and 8, with vaccine allocations divided equally between three active vaccine groups: EBO vaccine only, MAR vaccine only, and both vaccines. The primary study objective was to investigate the safety and tolerability of the vaccines, as assessed by local and systemic reactogenicity and adverse events. We also assessed immunogenicity on the basis of antibody responses (ELISA) and T-cell responses (ELISpot and intracellular cytokine staining assays) 4 weeks after the third injection. Participants and investigators were masked to group assignment. Analysis was based on the intention-to-treat principle. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00997607.
Findings
108 participants were enrolled into the study between Nov 2, 2009, and April 15, 2010. All 108 participants received at least one study injection (including 100 who completed the injection schedule) and were included in safety and tolerability analyses; 107 for whom data were available were included in the immunogenicity analyses. Study injections were well tolerated, with no significant differences in local or systemic reactions between groups. The vaccines elicited antibody and T-cell responses specific to the glycoproteins received and we detected no differences between the separate and concomitant use of the two vaccines. 17 of 30 (57%, 95% CI 37–75) participants in the EBO vaccine group had an antibody response to the Ebola Zaire glycoprotein, as did 14 of 30 (47%, 28–66) in the group that received both vaccines. 15 of 30 (50%, 31–69) participants in the EBO vaccine group had an antibody response to the Ebola Sudan glycoprotein, as did 15 of 30 (50%, 31–69) in the group that received both vaccines. Nine of 29 (31%, 15–51) participants in the MAR vaccine groups had an antibody response to the Marburg glycoprotein, as did seven of 30 (23%, 10–42) in the group that received both vaccines. 19 of 30 (63%, 44–80) participants in the EBO vaccine group had a T-cell response to the Ebola Zaire glycoprotein, as did 10 of 30 (33%, 17–53) in the group that received both vaccines. 13 of 30 (43%, 25–63) participants in the EBO vaccine group had a T-cell response to the Ebola Sudan glycoprotein, as did 10 of 30 (33%, 17–53) in the group that received both vaccines. 15 of 29 (52%, 33–71) participants in the MAR vaccine group had a T-cell response to the Marburg glycoprotein, as did 13 of 30 (43%, 25–63) in the group that received both vaccines.
Interpretation
This study is the first Ebola or Marburg vaccine trial done in Africa, and the results show that, given separately or together, both vaccines were well tolerated and elicited antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. These findings have contributed to the accelerated development of more potent Ebola virus vaccines that encode the same wild-type glycoprotein antigens as the EBO vaccine, which are being assessed during the 2014 Ebola virus disease outbreak in west Africa.
Funding
US Department of Defense Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program and US National Institutes of Health Intramural Research Program.

.
Series
Violence against women and girls
Prevention of violence against women and girls: what does the evidence say?
Mary Ellsberg, Diana J Arango, Matthew Morton, Floriza Gennari, Sveinung Kiplesund, Manuel Contreras, Charlotte Watts

The health-systems response to violence against women
Claudia García-Moreno, Kelsey Hegarty, Ana Flavia Lucas d’Oliveira, Jane Koziol-McLain, Manuela Colombini, Gene Feder

From work with men and boys to changes of social norms and reduction of inequities in gender relations: a conceptual shift in prevention of violence against women and girls
Rachel Jewkes, Michael Flood, James Lang

PLOS Currents: Disasters [Accessed 18 April 2015]

PLOS Currents: Disasters
[Accessed 18 April 2015]
http://currents.plos.org/disasters/

Feasibility Assessment of Using Geoinformatics Technology in Disaster Disease Surveillance in a Developing Country, Iran
April 14, 2015 • Research article
Background and purpose: Geoinformatics technology retains an unprecedented trait of performing with a supersonic speed and precision in public health management whereas the existing disease surveillance systems in developing countries lack using this technology. This article aims to assess the feasibility of using geoinformatics technology in disaster disease surveillance in a developing country, Iran.
Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was developed based on technology acceptance model (TAM), and a semi-quantitative survey was conducted in order to collect data. Fifty TUMS & HS personnel, currently involve in disease surveillance and information technology, were included. Initially, a pilot study was conducted to test the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Cronbach alpha, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and standard error of measurement (SEM) were calculated to validate the causal model.
Results: The results from structural equation analysis suggested that TAM provided a constructive picture of using geoinformatics technology in disaster disease surveillance at TUMS &HS. The study found attitude (ATT) had a significant influence on participants intention to use (ITU) a new technology, and perceived ease of use (PEOU) was a strong determinant of perceived of usefulness (PU). Subsequently, PU and PEOU explained ATT substantially; even though the analysis showed insignificant statistical association among these constructs. The high R2 (Coefficient of determination) of the constructs described respondents positive instinct towards accepting a new technology.
Conclusion: The study reveals that personnel intent to adopt geoinformatics technology in disaster disease surveillance; and at the same time, they possess a positive attitude towards the technology. This study also found PEOU has a strong influence on PU, so information sessions and training on geoinformatics technology need to focus primarily on the applications and impacts of technology on disaster disease surveillance.

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The Potential Impact of Directionality, Colour Perceptions and Cultural Associations on Disaster Messages During Heatwaves in the UK
April 14, 2015 • Research article
The health risks posed by heatwaves have been well documented. In the UK, before and during a heatwave, alerts are issued to the general public based on a tiered warning system integrating the use of colour and number sequences. There has of yet been no formal assessment of the public response to these messages. Cultural and language barriers make some members of ethnic minority communities particularly hard to reach. These may be less challenging amongst younger community members, who may be well placed to instigate the circulation of warning information to those less able or willing to use conventional channels.
This qualitative study assesses the role of age and ethnic and cultural background in the conceptualisation of the number and colour systems used as part of the Heat-Health Watch System (HHWS) and the National Severe Weather Warning Service (NSWWS). Young and older participants were recruited from the Bangladeshi and white British populations of Tower Hamlets. All participants were given a cognitive task that required them to identify and draw associations between 12 cards depicting the four colours and numbers used in the warning system and four pictures providing contextualisation in terms of heatwave risk. A qualitative analysis of the heuristics used in the group discussions provided insights into the conceptualisations basic to interpreting colour and number sequences as representations of risk graduations, and how interpretation might be influenced by age and ethnic and cultural background.
There were considerable differences in the interpretation of young Bangladeshi and older white British participants, on the one hand, and older Bangladeshi participants, on the other. Young Bangladeshis and older white British participants conceptualised the colours and numbers as a vertical scale, with the numbers/colours at “the top” corresponding to representations of higher temperature. This conceptualisation was mainly based on strong associations between colour and temperature, with risk only associated with the upper limit of the scale. Older Bangladeshi participants, on the other hand, conceptualised the numbers and pictures as a narrative sequence and disassociated the colours from the other cards. The differences between groups suggest potential cultural barriers to the “intended” interpretation of the colour and number sequences for older Bangladeshis but not for young Bangladeshis. The fact that the predominant association for the colour sequence for both young Bangladeshis and older white British participants was with graduations of temperature rather than risk raises questions about the applicability of using colours in a tiered warning system.

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Managing the Earth’s Biggest Mass Gathering Event and WASH Conditions: Maha Kumbh Mela (India)
April 13, 2015 • Research article
Background: Mass gatherings including a large number of people makes the planning and management of the event a difficult task. Kumbh Mela is one such, internationally famous religious mass gathering. It creates the substantial challenge of creating a temporary city in which millions of people can stay for a defined period of time. The arrangements need to allow this very large number of people to reside with proper human waste disposal, medical services, adequate supplies of food and clean water, transportation etc.
Methods: We report a case study of Maha Kumbh, 2013 which focuses on the management and planning that went into the preparation of Kumbh Mela and understanding its water, sanitation and hygiene conditions. It was an observational cross-sectional study, the field work was done for 13 days, from 21 January to 2 February 2013.
Results: Our findings suggest that the Mela committee and all other agencies involved in Mela management proved to be successful in supervising the event and making it convenient, efficient and safe. Health care services and water sanitation and hygiene conditions were found to be satisfactory. BhuleBhatke Kendra (Center for helping people who got separated from their families) had the major task of finding missing people and helping them to meet their families. Some of the shortfalls identified were that drainage was a major problem and some fire incidents were reported. Therefore, improvement in drainage facilities and reduction in fire incidents are essential to making Mela cleaner and safer. The number of persons per toilet was high and there were no separate toilets for males and females. Special facilities and separate toilets for men and women will improve their stay in Mela.
Conclusion: Inculcation of modern methods and technologies are likely to help in supporting crowd management and improving water, sanitation and hygiene conditions in the continuously expanding KumbhMela, in the coming years.

PLoS Currents: Outbreaks (Accessed 18 April 2015)

PLoS Currents: Outbreaks
http://currents.plos.org/outbreaks/
(Accessed 18 April 2015)

Services for Mothers and Newborns During the Ebola Outbreak in Liberia: The Need for Improvement in Emergencies
April 16, 2015 • Research
Abstract
Background:
The magnitude of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa is unprecedented. Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone are in the bottom ten countries in the Human Development Index, but all had made gains in child survival prior to the outbreak. With closure of healthcare facilities and the loss of health workers secondary to the outbreak, the region risks reversing survival gains achieved in maternal and newborn health.
Methods:
Anonymized service utilization data were downloaded from the Liberia District Health Information Software (DHIS) 2 for selected maternal health services at PHC facilities in Margibi and Bong Counties from March 2014, when the first case of Ebola was reported in Liberia, through December 2014. Absolute numbers are provided instead of percentage measures because of the lack of a population-based denominator.
Results:
Overall, the data show a decrease in absolute utilization from the start of the outbreak, followed by a slow recovery after October or November. In Bong County, totals were less than 14% of the peak numbers during the outbreak for number of antenatal visits and pregnant women receiving intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy (IPTp). For total deliveries, utilization was less than 33% of the highest month. In Margibi County, during what now appears to be the height of the outbreak, numbers dropped to less than 9% of peak utilization for antenatal care visits and 4% for IPTp. Total health facility deliveries dropped to less than 9% of peak utilization.
Conclusion:
It is clear that Bong and Margibi Counties in Liberia experienced a large drop in utilization of maternal health care services during what now appears to be the peak of the Ebola outbreak. As the health of women and their babies is being promoted in the post-2015 sustainable development agenda, it is critical that the issue of maternal and newborn survival in humanitarian emergency settings, like the Ebola outbreak, is prioritized.

.
Control of a Reassortant Pandemic 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus Outbreak in an Intensive Swine Breeding Farm: Effect of Vaccination and Enhanced Farm Management Practices
April 13, 2015 • Research
Influenza A viruses in swine cause considerable economic losses and raise concerns about their zoonotic potential. The current paucity of thorough empirical assessments of influenza A virus infection levels in swine herds under different control interventions hinders our understanding of their effectiveness. Between 2012 and 2013, recurrent outbreaks of respiratory disease caused by a reassortant pandemic 2009 H1N1 (H1N1pdm) virus were registered in a swine breeding farm in North-East Italy, providing the opportunity to assess an outbreak response plan based on vaccination and enhanced farm management. All sows/gilts were vaccinated with a H1N1pdm-specific vaccine, biosecurity was enhanced, weaning cycles were lengthened, and cross-fostering of piglets was banned. All tested piglets had maternally-derived antibodies at 30 days of age and were detectable in 5.3% of ~90 day-old piglets. There was a significant reduction in H1N1pdm RT-PCR detections after the intervention. Although our study could not fully determine the extent to which the observed trends in seropositivity or RT-PCR positivity among piglets were due to the intervention or to the natural course of the disease in the herd, we provided suggestive evidence that the applied measures were useful in controlling the outbreak, even without an all-in/all-out system, while keeping farm productivity at full.

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases (Accessed 18 April 2015)

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
http://www.plosntds.org/
(Accessed 18 April 2015)

Social Pathways for Ebola Virus Disease in Rural Sierra Leone, and Some Implications for Containment
Paul Richards, Joseph Amara, Mariane C. Ferme, Prince Kamara, Esther Mokuwa, Amara Idara Sheriff, Roland Suluku, Maarten Voors
Research Article | published 17 Apr 2015 | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003567

Estimating the Global Burden of Endemic Canine Rabies
Katie Hampson, Laurent Coudeville, Tiziana Lembo, Maganga Sambo, Alexia Kieffer, Michaël Attlan, Jacques Barrat, Jesse D. Blanton, Deborah J. Briggs, Sarah Cleaveland, Peter Costa, Conrad M. Freuling, Elly Hiby, Lea Knopf, Fernando Leanes, François-Xavier Meslin, Artem Metlin, Mary Elizabeth Miranda, Thomas Müller, Louis H. Nel, Sergio Recuenco, Charles E. Rupprecht, Carolin Schumacher, Louise Taylor, Marco Antonio Natal Vigilato, Jakob Zinsstag, Jonathan Dushoff, on behalf of the Global Alliance for Rabies Control Partners for Rabies Prevention
Research Article | published 16 Apr 2015 | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709

Neglected Tropical Diseases among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Overview and Update
Peter J. Hotez, Maria Elena Bottazzi, Ulrich Strych, Li-Yen Chang, Yvonne A. L. Lim, Maureen M. Goodenow, Sazaly AbuBakar
Review | published 16 Apr 2015 | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003575

 

Science – 17 April 2015

Science
17 April 2015 vol 348, issue 6232, pages 257-368
http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl

Sanitation
For toilets, money matters
Jocelyn Kaiser
About 1 billion people in the developing world still walk out to a field, the bushes, or an open waterway to defecate instead of using a latrine. That has contributed to high rates of diarrheal disease. The problem is particularly acute in India, where Prime Minister Narendra Modi has vowed to build 111 million toilets as part of a plan to end open defecation by October 2019. But exactly how to get there is surprisingly controversial. Now, a large, controlled experiment, conducted in India’s neighbor Bangladesh and published online this week in Science, finds that the key to getting people to build hygienic latrines is to subsidize the cost. Although other experts say these results are important, some caution that building toilets doesn’t always mean people will use them or be healthier.

SANITATION SUBSIDIES
Encouraging sanitation investment in the developing world: A cluster-randomized trial
Raymond Guiteras1, James Levinsohn2, Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak2,*
Author Affiliations
1Deptartment of Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
2School of Management, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
Abstract
Poor sanitation contributes to morbidity and mortality in the developing world, but there is disagreement on what policies can increase sanitation coverage. To measure the effects of alternative policies on investment in hygienic latrines, we assigned 380 communities in rural Bangladesh to different marketing treatments—community motivation and information; subsidies; a supply-side market access intervention; and a control—in a cluster-randomized trial. Community motivation alone did not increase hygienic latrine ownership (+1.6 percentage points, p=0.43), nor did the supply-side intervention (+0.3 percentage points, p=.90). Subsidies to the majority of the landless poor increased ownership among subsidized households (+22.0 percentage points, p<.001) and their unsubsidized neighbors (+8.5 percentage points, p=.001), which suggests investment decisions are interlinked across neighbors. Subsidies also reduced open defecation by 14 percentage points (p<.001).

Infectious Disease
Combating emerging viral threats
Elena Bekerman, Shirit Einav
Author Affiliations
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Although hundreds of viruses are known to cause human disease, antiviral therapies are approved for fewer than 10. Most approved antiviral drugs target viral enzymes, most commonly proteases and polymerases. Such direct acting antivirals (DAAs) have shown considerable success in the treatment of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. However, this approach does not scale easily and is limited particularly with respect to emerging and reemerging viruses against which no vaccines or antiviral therapies are approved.

TORTURE Journal – Volume 25, Nr. 1, 2015

TORTURE Journal
Volume 25, Nr. 1, 2015
http://www.irct.org/torture-journal

Follow-up study of the treatment outcomes at a psychiatric trauma clinic for refugees
Cæcilie Buhmann, Erik Lykke Mortensen, Merete Nordentoft, Jasmina Ryberg, Morten Ekstrøm

Cognitive behavioral psychotherapeutic treatment at a psychiatric trauma clinic for Refugees: description and evaluation
Cæcilie Buhmann, Ida Andersen, Erik Lykke Mortensen, Jasmina Ryberg, Merete Nordentoft, Morten Ekstrøm

“After all the traumas my body has been through, I feel good that it is still working.” – Basic Body Awareness Therapy for traumatised refugees
Kajsa Stade, Signe Skammeritz, Charlotte Hjortkjær, Jessica Carlsson

The DSM 5 and the Istanbul Protocol: Diagnosis of psychological sequels of torture
Thomas Wenzel, Andreas Frewer, Siroos Mirzaei

Statement on Virginity Testing
Independent Forensic Expert Group

UN Chronicle – December 2014 :: SDGs

UN Chronicle
Vol. LI No. 3 2014 December 2014
http://unchronicle.un.org/

Beyond 2015
The report of the Open Working Group of the United Nations General Assembly on Sustainable Development Goals, submitted to the Assembly in August 2014, contained 17 goals with 169 targets covering a broad range of sustainable development issues. In this issue, the UN Chronicle takes a closer look at those proposed Sustainable Development Goals.

Goal 1—End Poverty in All its Forms Everywhere
Charles Kenny
If we’re going to set a zero goal for global poverty in the post-2015 development agenda, it has to be an absolute goal, and not one set relative to national poverty lines, and the process of setting the new global poverty line should be open, transparent and participatory.

Goal 2—Creating New Paths for Nutrition, Agriculture and Food Systems
Anna Lartey
Recent trends in industrialization, globalization and commercialization have profound implications for what foods are being produced, the degree to which they are being processed, and how people are consuming them.

Goal 3—The SDGs and a Healthier 2030
Lauren Barredo, Irene Agyepong, Gordon Liu and Srinath Reddy
Health is fundamental to human development. All people, regardless of social status, consistently rank good health as a top priority, and healthy people are critical to sustaining societies. It is therefore not surprising that four of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) directly relate to health.

The Sentinel

Human Rights Action :: Humanitarian Response :: Health ::
Holistic Development :: Sustainable Resilience
__________________________________________________
Week ending 11 April 2015

This weekly digest is intended to aggregate and distill key content from a broad spectrum of practice domains and organization types including key agencies/IGOs, NGOs, governments, academic and research institutions, consortiums and collaborations, foundations, and commercial organizations. We also monitor a spectrum of peer-reviewed journals and general media channels. The Sentinel’s geographic scope is global/regional but selected country-level content is included. We recognize that this spectrum/scope yields an indicative and not an exhaustive product. Comments and suggestions should be directed to:

David R. Curry
Editor &
Founding Managing Director
GE2P2 – Center for Governance, Evidence, Ethics, Policy, Practice
david.r.curry@ge2p2center.net

pdf verion: The Sentinel_ week ending 11 April 2015

blog edition: comprised of the 35+ entries to be posted below on 12 April 2015

Global Religious and Faith-Based Organization Leaders Issue Call and Commitment to End Extreme Poverty by 2030

Global Religious and Faith-Based Organization Leaders Issue Call and Commitment to End Extreme Poverty by 2030
PRESS RELEASE
“Ending Extreme Poverty: A Moral and Spiritual Imperative”

April 9, 2015—Over 30 leaders from major world religions and heads of global faith-based organizations today launched a clarion call to action to end extreme poverty by 2030, a goal shared by the World Bank Group.

Ending Extreme Poverty: A Moral and Spiritual Imperative notes that remarkable progress has been made in reducing extreme poverty. Over 25 years the world has gone from nearly 2 billion people to fewer than 1 billion living in extreme poverty. Now, for the first time in human history there exists both the capacity and moral responsibility to ensure that no one has to live in extreme poverty’s grip.

“We have ample evidence from the World Bank Group and others showing that we can now end extreme poverty within fifteen years,” the Moral Imperative statement notes. “In 2015, our governments will be deciding upon a new global sustainable development agenda that has the potential to build on our shared values to finish the urgent task of ending extreme poverty.”
“We in the faith community embrace this moral imperative because we share the belief that the moral test of our society is how the weakest and most vulnerable are faring. Our sacred texts also call us to combat injustice and uplift the poorest in our midst.”
The Moral Imperative statement seeks to generate the necessary social and political will by inspiring greater commitments from others to join in this cause, tapping into many of the shared convictions and beliefs that unify the world’s major religions around the call and responsibility to combat poverty.
The announcement today from global faith leaders arose from the World Bank’s “Faith Based and Religious Leaders Roundtable” held on February 18, the first high-level meeting between World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim and faith leaders…

…World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim responded to the launch of this moral imperative, stating, “Faith leaders and the World Bank Group share a common goal – to realize a world free of extreme poverty in just 15 years. The moral imperative can help drive the movement to end poverty by 2030 by inspiring large communities to act now and to advocate for governments to do the same. These commitments from religious leaders come at just the right time – their actions can help hundreds of millions of people lift themselves out of poverty.

The statement closes by framing the imperative in stark terms: “Poverty’s imprisonment of more than a billion men, women and children must end. Now is the time to boldly act to free the next generation from extreme poverty’s grip.”..

Statement: Ending Extreme Poverty: A Moral and Spiritual Imperative
08 April 2015
Faith2EndPoverty: https://www.rebelmouse.com/faith2endpoverty/

OUR COMMON UNDERSTANDING
As leaders from diverse religious traditions, we share a compelling vision to end extreme poverty by the year 2030. For the first time in human history, we can do more than simply envision a world free of extreme poverty; we can make it a reality. Accomplishing this goal will take two commitments: to act guided by the best evidence of what works and what doesn’t; and to use our voices to compel and challenge others to join us in this urgent cause inspired by our deepest spiritual values.

The world has achieved remarkable progress in the past two decades in cutting in half the number of people living in extreme poverty. We have ample evidence from the World Bank Group and others showing that we can now end extreme poverty within fifteen years. In 2015, our governments will be deciding upon a new global sustainable development agenda that has the potential to build on our shared values to finish the urgent task of ending extreme poverty.

We in the faith community embrace this moral imperative because we share the belief that the moral test of our society is how the weakest and most vulnerable are faring. Our sacred texts also call us to combat injustice and uplift the poorest in our midst. No one, regardless of sex, age, race, or belief, should be denied experiencing the fullness of life.

OUR SHARED MORAL CONSENSUS
This is why the continued existence of extreme poverty in a plentiful world offends us so deeply. Our faith is tested and our hearts are broken when, in an age of unprecedented wealth and scientific advancement, so many still live in degrading conditions. We know too well that extreme poverty thwarts human purpose, chokes human potential, and affronts human dignity. In our increasingly interconnected world, there is enough to ensure that no one has to fight for their daily survival.

Ending extreme poverty will require a comprehensive approach that tackles its underlying causes—including preventable illness, a lack of access to quality education, joblessness, corruption, violent conflicts, and discrimination against women, ethnic minorities and other groups. It will also necessitate a change in the habits that cause poverty—greed and waste, numbness to the pain of others, and exploitation of people and the natural world. It calls for a holistic and sustainable approach that transforms cultures and institutions, and hearts as well as minds.

In too many parts of the world, women and girls are consigned to second class status, denied access to education and employment, and victimized by violence, trafficking, and rape. Until each and every person is afforded the same basic rights, none of us can truly flourish.

We must also state unequivocally that ending extreme poverty without mitigating climate change and combating inequality will be impossible. Climate change is already disproportionately hurting people living in poverty. Extreme inequality, within and between countries, contradicts our shared religious values, exacerbates social and political divisions, and will impede progress. What is needed is a new paradigm of socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable economic growth.

OUR CALL TO ACTION
We believe that now is the time to end the scourge of extreme poverty—by restoring right relationships among people, affirming human dignity, and opening the door to the holistic development of all people. If we were more committed to living these common values there would be less poverty in the world.

Our shared convictions call us to empower and uplift— not denigrate—those living in poverty, so that they can become agents of their own transformation. We must abandon a politics that too often marginalizes their voices, blames them for their condition, and exacerbates extremes of inequality. Now is the time to turn fatigue into renewed commitment, indifference into compassion, cynicism into hope, and impotence into a greater sense of agency that we can and will end extreme poverty by 2030.

We commit to working together to end the scandal of extreme poverty. We will act, advocate, educate, and collaborate, both among ourselves and with broader initiatives. And we commit to holding all levels of leadership accountable—public and private, domestic and international.
Our approach to this staggering need must be holistic, rooted in the spiritual visions of our respective faiths, and built on a shared recognition of the intrinsic dignity and value of every life on Earth.

Realizing this shared goal will require a revolution in social and political will, as well as new innovations and greater collaboration across sectors. We call on international organizations, governments, corporations, civil society, and religious communities, to play their essential parts and join with us in this critical cause.

Poverty’s imprisonment of more than a billion men, women and children must end. Now is the time to boldly act to free the next generation from extreme poverty’s grip.

ENDORSERS*
Actalliance, General Secretary, Dr. John Nduna
American Jewish Committee, International Director of Interreligious Affairs, Chief Rabbi David Rosen
American Jewish World Service, President, Ms. Ruth Messinger
Anglican Alliance, Joint Executive Director, Rev. Rachel Carnegie
Bibliotheca Alexandria, Founding Director, Dr. Ismail Serageldin
Baha’i International Community, Principle Representative to the United Nations, Ms. Bani Dugal
Buddhist Global Relief, Chairperson, Venerable Bhikkhu Bodhi
Bread for the World, President, Rev. David Beckmann
Caritas Internationalis, Secretary General, Mr. Michel Roy
Catholic Relief Services, President and Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Carolyn Woo
Church World Service, President and Chief Executive Officer, Rev. John McCullough
Community of Protestant Churches of Europe, President, Rev. Dr. Thomas Wipf
EcoSikh, Board Member, Mr. Suneet Singh Tuli
Forum for Peace in Islamic Societies, President, H.E. Shaykh Abdullah bin Bayyah
Indigenous People Ancestral Spiritual Council, President, Priestess Beatriz Schulthess
Islamic Relief International, Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Mohamed Ashmawey
Islamic Society of North America, Office of Interfaith & Community Alliances Director, Dr. Sayyid Syeed
Interfaith WASH Alliance, Co-Founder, H.H. Pujya Swami Chidanand Saraswatiji
Joint Distribution Committee, Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Alan Gill
Milstein Center for Interreligious Dialogue, Director, Rabbi Dr. Burt Visotzky
Muhammadiyah, President, Dr. Din Syamsuddin
Organization of African Instituted Churches, General Secretary, Rev. Nicta Lubaale
Religions For Peace, Secretary General, Dr. William Vendley
Rissho Kosei-Kai, President-Designate, Rev. Kosho Niwano
Religious Action Center, Director, Rabbi Jonah Pesner
Sojourners, President and Chief Executive Officer, Rev. Jim Wallis
Salvation Army, General, General Andre Cox
Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement, General Secretary, Dr. Vinya Ariyaratne
World Council of Churches, General Secretary, Rev. Dr. Olav Fykse Tveit
World Evangelical Alliance, Secretary General and CEO, Bishop Efraim Tendero
World Relief, President and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Stephan Bauman
World Vision International, President, Mr. Kevin Jenkins
– Uganda Muslim Supreme Council, Grand Mufti, H.E. Sheikh Shaban Ramadhan Mubaje
* For the initial launch we have focused on global faith-inspired organizations. Moving forward more endorsers from countries and regions around the world will be joining the initiative.