UNICEF [to 1 March 2014]

UNICEF [to 1 March 2014]
http://www.unicef.org/media/media_71508.html

Media Releases [selected]
Joint GPEI-GAVI Statement on the Availability and Price of Inactivated Polio Vaccine
COPENHAGEN/NEW YORK, 28 February 2014 – The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) and the GAVI Alliance welcome the conclusion of UNICEF’s tender process, which makes accessible sufficient quantities of affordable inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) to support country introductions, in line with the ambitious timeline of GPEI’s Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan 2013-2018.

UNICEF report: Silent threat emerging among Syrian refugee children in Lebanon
BEIRUT, 25 February 2014 – A UNICEF-led joint nutrition assessment on the situation of Syrian refugees in Lebanon was launched today, revealing malnutrition as a silent, emerging threat.

UNICEF urges “child-free” protest sites after violence claims three young lives
BANGKOK, 24 February 2014– The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) today urged the Government, pro- and anti-government protest leaders and parents to protect children by keeping them away from all protest sites after the latest round of deadly political violence claimed the lives of three children and severely injured two others.

Public urged to voice their outrage and demand action to prevent a lost generation in Syria
NEW YORK, 24 February 2014 – UNICEF, the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR), Mercy Corps, Save the Children and World Vision today issued an impassioned appeal to the general public, urging it to voice its outrage at the devastating impact on children and alarming long-term consequences of a lost generation as the conflict in Syria approaches its fourth year.

UNHCR [to 1 March 2014]

UNHCR [to 1 March 2014]
http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home

Press Releases and News
24 February 20
UNHCR Special Envoy Angelina Jolie visits Lebanon, urges aid for Syria’s children, expresses gratitude to Lebanon, and welcomes new UN resolution on Syria

Dream home comes closer for Serbian family years after fleeing Croatia
Former refugee Ranko has applied for one of 70 sturdy bungalows to be built in Serbia under a programme aimed at ending the region’s long displacement chapter.

Fresh water brings life back to traumatized South Sudan village
UNHCR makes it possible for hundreds of villagers to go home by drilling two boreholes to replace a stream contaminated in recent fighting.

UNHCR seeks stepped up security for 15,000 at risk in Central African Republic
The refugee agency is particularly worried about people in areas such as the PK12 neighbourhood in Bangui and the towns of Boda, Bouar and Bossangoa.

Second shift schools offer hope to young Syrians
The Syrian refugee population in Lebanon includes some 270,000 children. A new UNHCR-supported programme is finding a solution for nearly 30,000 of them.

Briefing Notes
Refugee information presented in twice-weekly press briefings in Geneva.
:: Pakistan begins issuing new cards to 1.6 million Afghan refugees
:: UNHCR says over 15000 CAR civilians facing acute risk, better security urgently needed

UNOCHA [to 1 March 2014]

UNOCHA [to 1 March 2014]
http://www.unocha.org/

Press Releases
27 Feb 2014
Philippines: UN Humanitarian Chief Calls for Continued Support to Meet Millions of People’s Needs four Months After Typhoon Haiyan

Source: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Country: Philippines (Manila/New York, 27 February 2014): United Nations Humanitarian Chief Valerie Amos concluded a two-day visit to the Philippines today, calling on the international community to continue supporting critical humanitarian efforts in the country where significant needs remain, four months after Typhoon Haiyan struck. “There is huge progress,” said Ms. Amos, who had previously visited the affected areas twice…

27 Feb 2014
South Sudan: Emergency Relief Coordinator and Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs, Valerie Amos statement on South Sudan
Source: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Country: South Sudan (New York, 27 February 2014) I am deeply concerned by the grave humanitarian situation in South Sudan, where, despite the recent ceasefire agreement, the lives of millions of civilians are threatened by lack of food, outbreaks of disease, and continued violence. Malakal, a city in Upper Nile State that I visited just a month ago, saw shocking violence and human rights abuses last week. More than 100 people…

27 Feb 2014
Philippines: Under-Secretary-General and Emergency Relief Coordinator Valerie Amos – Press Remarks on the Philippines, Manila, 27 February 2014
Source: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Country: Philippines Thank you very much and good morning everyone. I am back in the Philippines. This is my third visit. I had the opportunity yesterday to return to parts of Eastern Visayas region that were devastated by Typhoon Haiyan and see for myself the progress that has been made since my visits in November. Tacloban today is almost unrecognizable from the city I saw in November. Streets that were piled high with debris…

25 Feb 2014
Syrian Arab Republic: Assistant Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Kyung-Wha Kang – General Assembly informal meeting on Syria
Source: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Country: occupied Palestinian territory, Syrian Arab Republic New York, 25 February 2014 On behalf of the USG for humanitarian affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, Valerie Amos, I thank you for this opportunity to brief the General Assembly on the humanitarian situation in Syria. During the three years of the conflict, the death toll has reached well over 100,000 many months ago and over 680,000 have been injured….

25 Feb 2014
Central African Republic: Humanitarian coordinator in CAR Abdou Dieng calls for urgent scale up of security of Muslims trapped in Bangui
Source: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Country: Central African Republic Bangui, 21 February 2014: The Humanitarian Coordinator in the Central African Republic, Mr. Abdou Dieng, visited the PK 12 neighborhood of the capital Bangui today and urged for an immediate scale up of security measures in order provide better protection to some 3,000 members of the Muslim community who have been trapped there for two months. Fleeing attacks by anti-Balaka militias, this…

24 Feb 2014
Democratic Republic of the Congo: Déclaration du Coordonnateur Humanitaire en République Démocratique du Congo, Moustapha Soumaré, sur les exactions commises à l’encontre des civils dans le Territoire de Masisi, Nord-Kivu – Kinshasa, 24 Février 2014
Source: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Country: Democratic Republic of the Congo « Depuis plusieurs semaines, le Masisi est le théâtre de multiples exactions commises à l’encontre des civils. Des rapports alarmants font états d’assassinats -dont de nombreux sur une base ethnique – commis par des groupes armés dans la partie sud du territoire où près d’une quarantaine de personnes auraient été tuées et des villages incendiés. Au nord-ouest de Masisi centre, des…

Latest Map: Philippines: Philippines: Ongoing Protection activities as of 24 Feb 2014

UN Division for Sustainable Development [to 1 March 2014]

UN Division for Sustainable Development [to 1 March 2014]
Department of Economic and Social Affairs, http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.html

Draft decision
A/67/L.70 – Draft decision establishing the intergovernmental committee of experts on sustainable development financing

Latest contributions from Major Groups
LAMG Position Paper on SDGs (ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability)

ESTABLISHMENT OF INTERNATIONAL SD METRIC UNIT UNDER THE AUSPICES OF UN (Tecnhical University of Crete)

NGO MG position paper on SDG (Northern Alliance for Sustainability (ANPED))

For The Better Conservation and Management of Islands and Their Surrounding Ocean Areas (OPRF ANCORS) (Ocean Policy Research Foundation (OPRF))

Health cluster summary position paper: Health priorities for the post-2015 framework (NCD Alliance)

UNDP United Nations Development Program [to 1 March 2014]

UNDP  United Nations Development Program [to 1 March 2014]
http://www.us.undp.org/content/undp/en/home.html

26 Feb 2014
New programme to help communities recover from violence in the Central African Republic
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has launched a comprehensive new programme to promote peace-building and recovery across the Central African Republic.

26 Feb 2014
Over 20 percent of Yasuni ITT Trust Fund contributions have been reimbursed
The UN Development Programme (UNDP) has reimbursed US$ 2.35 million of a total $9.94 million donated to the Yasuni National Park’s Ishpingo Tambococha Tiputini (ITT) initiative, which the Government of Ecuador brought to end in August 2013. UNDP, in its role of Trust Fund Administrator, through its Multi-Partner Trust Fund (MPTF) Office, has contacted all contributors and is working towards their full reimbursement in the next six months.

25 Feb 2014
Associate Administrator Rebeca Grynspan elected as Ibero-American Secretary-General
UNDP Associate Administrator Rebeca Grynspan has been elected unanimously to head the Ibero-American Secretariat (SEGIB) starting April 1. Ms. Grynspan will be the first woman to lead this organization, replacing Enrique V. Iglesias who has led the Organization since 2005.

UN Women [to 1 March 2014]

UN Women  [to 1 March 2014]
http://www.unwomen.org/

Congolese refugees living with HIV forge ahead, gaining independence
Posted on February 28, 2014
Women are cultivating mushrooms and tomatoes, learning about business and agriculture and pooling their funds along with combating social stigma and confronting gender-based violence. More

UN Women supports Greening the Blue
Posted on February 27, 2014
UN Women is proud to join 52 other UN agencies in its support of Greening the Blue, a movement to reduce the UN system’s environmental footprint. More

Hope runs deep, rebuilding confidence among Syrian women refugees
Posted on February 27, 2014
UN Women’s Executive Director visited UN Women’s Oasis, a safe space for women to seek support and skills training in Jordan’s Zaatari Refugee Camp. More

Looking to the Future: Current and emerging strategic priorities – Remarks by John Hendra at the ECOSOC OAS
Posted on February 26, 2014
Remarks by UN Women Deputy Executive Director for Policy and Programme John Hendra, New York, 24 February 2014. More

Opening remarks by Lakshmi Puri on the MDGs, post-2015 development agenda, gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls in the Arab region
Posted on February 24, 2014
Speech by UN Women Deputy Executive Director Lakshmi Puri, delivered at the League of Arab States, in Cairo, 23 February 2014. More

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund [to 1 March 2014]

UNFPA  United Nations Population Fund [to 1 March 2014]
http://www.unfpa.org/public/

Brief on Engaging Men, Changing Gender Norms
Directions for Gender-Transformative Action
Author: Michael Kaufman with input from Gary Barker, Dean Peacock, Joseph Vess, Omar Robles, UNFPA staff Leyla Sharafi, and colleagues on the MenEngage Steering Committee.
No. of pages: 12
Publication date: 2014
Publisher: UNFPA-MenEngage
English

This MenEngage-UNFPA advocacy brief explores the importance of changing social norms related to men’s ideas and behaviors and examines several questions: Can men support gender equality and learn to live gender-equitable lives? Can men transform the ideas and practices they associate with manhood? Can the spheres where men and boys are socialized and often learn inequitable norms – home, school, work, sports, religion, the media, and others – be changed? This brief will consider responses to these questions in three parts. The first part focuses on “Gender Relations, Gendered Social Norms, and Masculinities,” which discusses the context of societal gender norms and their impact on behaviors. The second part of the Brief examines how “Building on the Changes that are Already Happening,” which outlines the broad shifts in men’s attitudes, and the gender equitable policies and programs that are taking hold globally. Lastly, the final section puts forth “Principles and Key Recommendations for Promoting Gender Equitable Norms Among Men and Boys,” which highlights underlying principles for work with and successful engagement of men and boys to transform gender norms.

FAO Food & Agriculture Organization [to 1 March 2014]

FAO Food & Agriculture Organization [to 1 March 2014]
http://www.fao.org/home/en/

Strengthening Forest Tenure Systems and Governance
TRAINING MODULE FOR FACILITATORS
FAO 2014
73 pages

Forest management worldwide has undergone substantial changes over the past decades, including a gradual move away from state forest control towards participatory and local forest management. Ownership and access to forest resources, initially state-dominated, are becoming more diversified, allowing a wider range of actors to participate in forest management. This shift characterizes ongoing forest tenure reform processes.

Tenure reform involves changes to regulatory frameworks and governance, which require key

stakeholders, including government officials, to adopt new and different roles in forest management, roles for which they frequently have little training or experience. At the same time, communities, smallholders and individuals are often unaware of their rights and responsibilities, and how these can be exercised effectively for tangible benefits.

Under the framework of the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (VGGT) which were endorsed by the Committee on World Food Security (CFS) in 2012, and based on the forest tenure reform guidelines developed by FAO in 2011, this training module will provide practical guidance for people involved in forest tenure reforms and those reflecting on the effectiveness of existing tenure systems…

UNESCO [to 1 March 2014]

UNESCO  [to 1 March 2014]
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/for-the-press/all-news//

28 Feb 13
New Centre in Algiers for “Intangible Heritage in Africa”

28 Feb 13
Director-General of UNESCO welcomes UN Security Council on aid to Syria

28 Feb 13
“The protection of heritage is inseparable from the protection of civilians in armed conflict”

26 Feb 13
Cultural heritage must be saved from new “21st century wars”

25 Feb 13
Ocean State Youth Launch Network for the Future of Small Islands

25 Feb 13
UNESCO Kathmandu organizes training of trainers on the right to information for journalists

25 Feb 13
Rethinking Learning in a Changing World – Meeting of Senior Experts Paris, 27-28 February 2014

CBD (Convention of Biological Diversity) [to 1 March 2014]

CBD (Convention of Biological Diversity) [to 1 March 2014]
http://www.cbd.int/

2014-02-28
Nominations open for The MIDORI Prize for Biodiversity 2014
Bringing international recognition and a substantial monetary prize to three outstanding individuals, nominations are now invited for The MIDORI Prize for Biodiversity 2014. The call for nominations remains open from 1 March to 31 May 2014.

2014-02-28
Governments complete preparations for the entry into force of Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing
Governments have established firm foundations for the operation of the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing of Genetic Resources, contributing to the momentum towards entry into force and setting the agenda for the first meeting of its governing body, expected to take place in October 2014.

USAID [to 1 March 2014]

USAID [to 1 March 2014]
http://www.usaid.gov/

Administrator Shah Delivers Remarks at the US-ASEAN Business Council
February 28, 2014
MEDIA ADVISORY
.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Administrator Rajiv Shah will give opening remarks and sign an MOU with the US-ASEAN Business Council to launch of the US-ASEAN Business Alliance for Competitive Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs).

USAID Launches Second Round of All Children Reading: A Grand Challenge for Development Grant and Prize Competition
February 27, 2014
$2,700,000 Literacy Grant Competition and $100,000 Prize Opportunity
Today, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), in partnership with World Vision and the Australian government, launched the second round of All Children Reading: A Grand Challenge for Development (ACR GCD). This international grant competition will make available a total of $2.7 million for innovations and programs that leverage the transformative power of technology to leapfrog existing infrastructure challenges and empower children to read.

USAID Announces Five New Awards To Advance a More Prosperous, Resilient, Democratic Nepal
February 26, 2014
Today, USAID Administrator Dr. Rajiv Shah completed a two-day visit to Kathmandu, during which he announced approximately $100 million in support of the people of Nepal subject to the availability of funding.  Dr. Shah met with Prime Minister Sushil Koirala and other key political leaders and spoke at the closing session of the Nepal Economic Summit, where he stressed the private sector’s role in accelerating Nepal’s economic growth. Dr. Shah also visited sites that highlight USAID’s commitment to using innovation, science, technology, and partnerships—with the Nepali government, civil society, and the private sector—to deepen development impact.

ECHO [to 1 March 2014]

ECHO  [to 1 March 2014]
http://ec.europa.eu/echo/index_en.htm

“EU Aid Volunteers” to create over 18 000 opportunities worldwide
25/2/2014 – – In today’s vote, the European Parliament gave its overwhelming support for the “EU Aid Volunteers” programme – an initiative that will allow European citizens to take part in humanitarian work worldwide.
[Read more]

UN adopts humanitarian resolution on Syria crisis
24/2/2014 – The UN Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution on Syria’s humanitarian crisis which, for the first time, demands both the Syrian government and the opposition to provide immediate access for humanitarian forces to deliver aid, anywhere needed in the country…
[Read more]

OECD [to 1 March 2014]

OECD  [to 1 March 2014]
http://www.oecd.org/
28 Feb 2014
OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2014 launches in Berlin
Tourism has shown resilience through the global economic crisis and accounts today for 4.7% of GDP and 6% of jobs on average in OECD countries. Yet as tourist arrivals worldwide surpass 1 billion annually, many established destinations are losing market share to up-and-coming countries in an increasingly competitive environment.

World Trade Organisation [to 1 March 2014]

World Trade Organisation [to 1 March 2014]
http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news13_e/news13_e.htm

25 and 26 February 2014
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: FORMAL COUNCIL MEETING
Intellectual property body grapples with plain packaging, innovation, technology and more
WTO members discussed a number of new and long-running issues such as plain packaging for tobacco products, measures related to biodiversity, innovation in green technologies, and the role of universities, when they met as the intellectual property council on 25–26 February 2014. But they failed to narrow their differences on many issues and there were no breakthrough decisions.

24 February 2014
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Estonia donates EUR 20,000 to technical assistance for developing countries
The government of Estonia has donated EUR 20,000 (CHF 24,400) to the WTO Doha Development Agenda Global Trust Fund for 2014. This donation will finance a wide range of trade-related technical assistance activities to help developing and least-developed countries (LDCs) to participate effectively in the Doha round of negotiations and better integrate into the world economy.

IMF to Hold Town Hall Meetings with Students in Latin America

IMF  [to 1 March 2014]
http://www.imf.org/external/index.htm
Region/Global actions and announcements
IMF to Hold Town Hall Meetings with Students in Latin America
Press Release No. 14/73
February 27, 2014
The International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) First Deputy Managing Director David Lipton and Roubini Global Economics’ Chairman Nouriel Roubini will take part in a series of town hall-style events in universities in Mexico, Peru and Chile next week to discuss the key challenges facing the world economy and Latin America and how they affect the prospects for youth in the region. The events — titled “Latin-American Economy and Future: The Youth’s Voice” — will be an opportunity to exchange views with students on strategies for addressing those challenges, and to hear directly from students about their concerns and priorities for the future…

World Bank [to 1 March 2014]

World Bank [to 1 March 2014]
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/all

February 28, 2014
Food Loss and Waste a Barrier to Poverty Reduction
Global Food Prices Continue to Decline, but at Slower Pace
WASHINGTON, February 27, 2014 — The world loses or wastes one-quarter to one-third of all food produced for human consumption, according to the latest issue of the World Bank’s quarterly Food Price Watch citing FAO and World Resources Institute estimates. In regions rife with undernourishment, such as Africa and South Asia, this shocking loss translates to 400 to 500 calories per person, per day—and up to 1520 calories in the developed world.“ The amount of food wasted and lost globally is shameful,” said Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group. “Millions of people around the world go to bed hungry every night, and yet millions of tons of food end up in trash cans or spoiled on the way to market. We have to tackle this problem in every country in order to improve food security and to end poverty.” According to the latest edition of Food Price Watch, global food prices declined by 3 percent over the last quarter but remain

February 26, 2014
Reforms in Labor Markets and Social Protection are Key to Job Creation in the Arab World
RIYADH, Ministers, representatives from international organizations, private sector and labor union experts gathered in Saudi Arabia for a three-day event to discuss challenges and solutions related to access to the labor market, rigidity in economic structures, and enhanced social protection systems
The Forum, “Towards Social Protection and Sustainable Development,”  organized by the World Bank in partnership with the Arab Labor Organization and the Saudi Ministry of Labor, was held under the auspices of HRH King Abdullah Bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud.
The Forum concluded with the adoption of the Riyadh Declaration, which lays 29 policy recommendations to support job creation, enhanced social protection systems and improved processes for social dialogue. The Declaration urged signatories to engage in comprehensive reforms that will build the human capital of the poorest and most vulnerable, contribute to economic growth, and boost shared prosperity across the region. Moreover, the Declaration called on Arab League countries to solve unemployment and exclusion through cooperation between governments, international and regional organizations and the private sector.
Participants included over 42 Ministers from Arab League member countries, representatives from international organizations such as the International Labor Organization, the Islamic Development Bank, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, as well as members from the private sector and labor unions.

February 26, 2014
Infographic: Expanding Access to Water to the Poor Through the Domestic Private Sector
Today, 2.5 billion people lack access to basic sanitation and at least 780 million people lack access to safe drinking water.  This causes thousands of children to die each day and hundreds of billions of dollars in global economic losses every year. With so many people lacking access to these basic services, developing countries have an enormous challenge ahead.  It calls for a massive increase in the roll out of water and sanitation services, both in urban and in rural areas.  This will require significant investment, as well as improvements in management of the utilities providing these services. Experience around the world shows that both the public and private sector can deliver affordable, sustainable, high quality water and sanitation services, which has more to do with factors such as the capacity and financial sustainability of the service provider and whether there’s a reasonable regulatory and institutional framework in place

Trends in access to water supply and sanitation in 31 major sub-Saharan African cities: an analysis of DHS data from 2000 to 2012

BMC Public Health
(Accessed 1 March 2014)
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcpublichealth/content

Research article
Trends in access to water supply and sanitation in 31 major sub-Saharan African cities: an analysis of DHS data from 2000 to 2012

Mike R Hopewell and Jay P Graham
Author Affiliations
BMC Public Health 2014, 14:208  doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-208
Published: 28 February 2014
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/208/abstract

Abstract (provisional)
Background
By 2050, sub-Saharan Africa’s (SSA) urban population is expected to grow from 414 million to over 1.2 billion. This growth will likely increase challenges to municipalities attempting to provide access to water supply and sanitation (WS&S). This study aims to characterize trends in access to WS&S in SSA cities and identify factors affecting those trends.

Methods
DHS data collected between 2000 and 2012 were used for this analysis of thirty-one cities in SSA. Four categories of household access to WS&S were studied using data from demographic and health surveys – these included: 1) household access to an improved water supply, 2) household’s time spent collecting water, 3) household access to improved sanitation, and 4) households reporting to engage in open defecation. An exploratory analysis of these measures was then conducted to assess the relationship of access to several independent variables.

Results
Among the 31 cities, there was wide variability in coverage levels and trends in coverage with respect to the four categories of access. The majority of cities were found to be increasing access in the categories of improved water supply and improved sanitation (65% and 83% of cities, respectively), while fewer were making progress in reducing the amount of time spent collecting water and reducing open defecation (50% and 38% of cities, respectively). Additionally, the prevalence of open defecation in study cities was found to be, on average, increasing.

Conclusions
Based on DHS data, cities appeared to be making the most progress in gaining access to WS&S along metrics which reflect specified targets of the Millennium Development Goals. Nearly half of the cities, however, did not make progress in reducing open defecation or the time spent collecting water. This may reflect that the MDGs have led to a focus on “improved” services while other measures, potentially more relevant to the extreme poor, are being neglected. This study highlights the need to better characterize access, beyond definitions of improved and unimproved, as well as the need to target resources to cities where changes in WS&S access have stalled, or in some cases regressed.

Where is the Gap?: The contribution of disparities within developing countries to global inequalities in under-five mortality

BMC Public Health
(Accessed 1 March 2014)
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcpublichealth/content

Research article
Where is the Gap?: The contribution of disparities within developing countries to global inequalities in under-five mortality
Agbessi Amouzou, Naoko Kozuki and Davidson R Gwatkin
Author Affiliations
BMC Public Health 2014, 14:216  doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-216
Published: 1 March 2014
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/216/abstract

Abstract (provisional)
Background
Global health equity strategists have previously focused much on differences across countries. At first glance, the global health gap in health status appears to result primarily from disparities between the developing and developed regions. We examine how much of this disparity could be attributed to within-country disparities in developing nations.

Methods
We used data from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 1995 and 2010 in 67 developing countries. Using a population attributable risk approach, we computed the proportion of global under-five mortality gap and the absolute under-five deaths that would be reduced if the under-five mortality rate in each of these 67 countries was lowered to the level of the top 10% economic group in each country. As a sensitivity check, we also conducted comparable calculations replacing the top 10% with the top 5% and with the top 20%.

Results
In 2007, approximately 6.6 million under-five deaths were observed in the 67 countries used in the analysis. This could be reduced to only 600,000 deaths if these countries had the same under-five mortality rate as developed countries. If the under-five mortality rate in developing countries was lowered to the rate among the top 10% economic group in those same each of these countries, under-five deaths would be reduced to 3.7 million. This corresponds to a 48% reduction in the global mortality gap and 2.9 million under-five deaths averted. Using cutoff points of top 5% and top 20% economic groups showed reduction of 37% and 56% respectively in the global mortality gap. With these cutoff points, respectively 2.3 and 3.4 million deaths would be averted.

Conclusion
Under-five mortality disparities within developing countries account for roughly half of the global gap between developed and developing countries. Thus, within-country inequities deserve as much consideration as do inequalities between the world’s developing and developed regions.

Vaccination coverage and its determinants among migrant children in Guangdong, China

BMC Public Health
(Accessed 1 March 2014)
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcpublichealth/content

Research article
Vaccination coverage and its determinants among migrant children in Guangdong, China
Ke Han12, Huizhen Zheng2*, Zhixiong Huang3, Quan Qiu2, Hong Zeng3, Banghua Chen4 and Jianxiong Xu5
Author Affiliations
BMC Public Health 2014, 14:203  doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-203
Published: 26 February 2014
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/203/abstract

Abstract
Background
Guangdong province attracted more than 31 million migrants in 2010. But few studies were performed to estimate the complete and age-appropriate immunization coverage and determine risk factors of migrant children.

Methods
1610 migrant children aged 12–59 months from 70 villages were interviewed in Guangdong. Demographic characteristics, primary caregiver’s knowledge and attitude toward immunization, and child’s immunization history were obtained. UTD and age-appropriate immunization rates for the following five vaccines and the overall series (1:3:3:3:1 immunization series) were assessed: one dose of BCG, three doses of DTP, OPV and HepB, one dose of MCV. Risk factors for not being UTD for the 1:3:3:3:1 immunization series were explored.

Results
For each antigen, the UTD immunization rate was above 71%, but the age-appropriate immunization rates for BCG, HepB, OPV, DPT and MCV were only 47.8%, 45.1%, 47.1%, 46.8% and 37.2%, respectively. The 1st dose was most likely to be delayed within them. For the 1:3:3:3:1 immunization series, the UTD immunization rate and age-appropriate immunization rate were 64.9% and 12.4% respectively. Several factors as below were significantly associated with UTD immunization. The primary caregiver’s determinants were their occupation, knowledge and attitude toward immunization. The child’s determinants were sex, Hukou, birth place, residential buildings and family income.

Conclusions
Alarmingly low immunization coverage of migrant children should be closely monitored by NIISS. Primary caregiver and child’s determinants should be considered when taking measures. Strategies to strengthen active out-reach activities and health education for primary caregivers needed to be developed to improve their immunization coverage.

Prevention is better than cure for emerging infectious diseases

British Medical Journal
01 March 2014 (Vol 348, Issue 7947)
http://www.bmj.com/content/348/7947

Analysis
Prevention is better than cure for emerging infectious diseases
BMJ 2014; 348 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1499 (Published 21 February 2014)
Cite this as: BMJ 2014;348:g1499
David L Heymann, professor of infectious disease epidemiology123, Osman A Dar, locum consultant global health 13
Author Affiliations

Excerpt
Emerging infectious diseases have the potential to cause considerable morbidity, mortality, and economic damage. David Heymann and Osman Dar explain why we need to shift the emphasis from responding to emerging infections once they are detected to preventing them from occurring in the first place and describe one initiative that is working to achieve this

Emerging infectious diseases (emerging infections) have caused tens of billions of dollars worth of damage in the past 20 years and the costs are continuing to rise.1 2 Emerging infections can be new infections, such as HIV (when first discovered), which is thought to have emerged in human populations from a non-human primate; or existing infections that are becoming more common or spreading in geographically new areas as a result of changes in the micro-organisms or changing climate and include West Nile fever, Dengue fever, and chikungunya.3

Many people assume that emerging infections are a matter for tropical disease specialists, but they are important to doctors and policy makers, vets, farmers, traders, and economies globally. Although some emerging infections are specific to tropical areas, such as Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fevers, infections that emerge there can spread to other parts of the world, as seen with HIV. There are also many examples of diseases originating in non-tropical settings, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), influenza A (H5N1), variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease/bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and foodborne Escherichia coli O157 infections.4 5 Another problem is infections that have emerged in new forms—for example, multidrug resistant Staphylococcal and Mycobacterial species.

Over the past decades there has been increasing recognition that the way we deal with infectious disease is often reactive and too late. New diseases are often identified only after they have transferred to humans and sometimes many years after the breach in the species …